162 research outputs found
The Effects of CO2 Enrichment, High Temperature and Ultraviolet on Growth and Yield of Crops
No full text近年來，CO2及CH4 等會發生溫室效應及其他足以破壞臭氧層的氣體排放量增加，使得地球氣候發生變化，紫外線增加。由於CO2 是光合作用的原料，故提高CO2濃度有助於增加光合速率，一般結果指出，提高CO2對提升作物乾物質累積及產量之效果以C4型較小，C3型較大，具有固氮能力的豆科作物之效果更大。但是高COZ 濃度尚會影響代謝、氣孔開度與密度、葉面積及其他性狀，故高CO2之效果隨實驗條件而異，結果也很分歧。如缺水、缺氮或葉片互相遮蔽時，都會降低CO2增加對作物之增產效果，而且不同溫度下CO2增加之效果亦不相同。近幾年在水稻之試驗結果顯示，群落狀態下，單純CO2倍增時，水稻生物量之增加率為24~40%間，稻穀增產率則為15~40%間，增產之原因多是穗數及稔實率增加所致，唯溫度增加時，對生物量沒有大影響，但稻穀產量則會因為稔實率降低而抵消了CO2倍增之效果。至於紫外線(UV-B)，現有結果已知其可影響多種植物之生理作用，而作物之葉綠素含量、葉分化、乾鮮重及產量均會受到影響。唯紫外線對水稻影響之結果也很分歧，需要更多的研究來說明。而且現已發現不同的品種間對UV-B有不同的抗性。對二氧化碳、氣溫及紫外線升高因應之道，除了可嘗試選育品種外，或可嘗試改善栽培法及改變栽植時期。
The effects of CO2 enrichment (EC), high temperature (HT) and ultraviolet on photosynthesis, biomass production and yield of crops are reviewed. Although many characteristics, such as metabolism, leaf area index, stomatal frequency and conductance, transpiration, etc., would be influenced by EC, HT and other conditions, the results are very variable due to the varied conditions in the field and greenhouse. In recent years, some experiments combined EC and HT in rice were investigated. The results indicated that the biomass production was markedly promoted by EC, and negligibly small affected by HT. On the contrary, the grain yield was 15- 40% higher in EC with low temperature, but remarkably reduced due to the high temperature induced sterility. Numerous studies have shown that ultraviolet-B (UV-B) can damage biologically important molecules in plants and has adverse effects on plants growth and yield. Growth and yield of rice was affected by UV-B and varied among cultivars. However, the results are variable among experiments. It requires more experiments carrying out under various climatic and solar UV-B regimes
The Effects of High Temperature and Low Illumination on Assimilation of Rice Plants and Its Physiological and Morphological Strategies in Response
No full text水稻為熱帶原產之作物，雖然性喜高溫，但在臺灣之氣候條件下仍然會因溫度過高而影響其產量，況且在第二期作還有日照不足的問題。以同化作用之觀點視之，提高水稻之生產能力可以從提高光合作用及減少呼吸消耗兩方面著手。葉片較厚的水稻品種，在強光下其單葉光合速率雖然較高，但在弱光下之光合能力卻較差，而且因光線較不易透過厚葉，厚葉之單位葉面積呼吸消耗量又較多，故隨著葉面積指數（LAl）之增加，其純同化率（NAR）降低之幅度較大，導致其在繁茂狀態下之乾物累積能力降低。氣孔密度較高及氣孔開度較大之品種，會使氣體容易進出葉片，同時促進光合作用及蒸散作用，而蒸散作用又可冷卻葉片，使光合作用不易受到高溫之抑制，呼吸消耗又不因高溫而增加。而蒸散作用需消耗水分，故需注重根的吸水力及稻體之水份通導能力”此外，由於葉片較長者只要不下垂，其冠層（。anoPy）會較高，故單位葉面積分布的空間會較大，使其葉面積密度降低，有利於冠層內空氣之流通及光合作用之進行，而且長而直立之上位葉也較不易被穗遮光。綜合生理及型態方面的考量，較適合於高溫及低光之環境下栽培的水稻品種，可以考慮選育具備高光合作用及低呼吸消耗，氣孔密度較高、氣孔開度較大，根發達，水分吸收、輸導能力強，高溫稔實佳，以及具有長、薄且不易下垂葉的短稈穗重型品種著手。
High temperature and low solar radiation are the climatic characteristics of Taiwan. These environmental conditions would reduce the photosynthesis and increase the respiratory consumption, and are disadvantageous to the productivity of rice plants. It was reported that varieties with lower respiratory rate could decrease the respiratory consumption. Varieties with longer, thinner and erect leaves provides better light and air transmission to canopy. Varieties with higher stomatal density and opening and physiological activity in root system have advantages in photosynthesis and transpiration. For breeding purposes, it is suggested to select the varieties with the aftorementioned physiological and morphological characteristics. Characters such as lower sterility, short cuim, and grester panicle weight are appropriate strategies for rice in response to conditions of high temperature and low illumination
Seasonal Variation on Photosynthesis And Related Physiological Characteristics of Pinus taiwanensis And Picea morrisonicola
No full text摘要
為了解生長於亞熱帶高、低海拔針葉樹光合作用之季節變化，及縱向生長和橫向生長時期差異，並探討光合產物於不同季節之累積及利用情形，以生長在塔塔地區台灣雲杉、台灣二葉松及惠蓀林場之台灣二葉松為材料進行數年之實驗，茲將結果摘要於後。
在塔塔地區之台灣雲杉，其光合能力在暮春經夏秋至初冬期間均能維持較高之水準，然後隨溫度下降而逐漸低下，入春後又漸次恢愎，此變動與葉綠素螢光(Fv/Fm)及可溶性蛋白質之含量有密切關係。
台灣二葉松葉綠素螢光之季節變化雖如台灣雲杉，在初冬才會下降，但因針葉老化之緣故，導致其光合作用能力在入秋後即開始降低。惠蓀林場之台灣二葉松其Fv/Fm之季節變化不大，而光合作用能力則隨降雨量多寡而變化，與氣溫變化沒有顯著之關係。
惠蓀地區之台灣二葉松在3月時萌芽且形成層細胞開始分裂，塔塔加地區之台灣二葉松及台灣雲杉萌芽時期及形成層細胞分裂在4月時才開始，造成兩地生育期之不同可能是由於溫度及降雨差異所造成。在冬季塔塔地區可能為適應低溫，而惠蓀林場則可能為適應缺水環境，兩地之植物體內之可溶性糖類均有明顯增加之趨勢。在3、4月萌芽期植物體內澱粉含量會上升，此時若光合作用能力強時則可溶性糖不會降低，若光合作用能力因低溫及缺水而降低時，則植物會將可溶性糖類轉換為澱粉。
以上結果顯示，在塔塔加地區之台灣雲杉、台灣二葉松及惠蓀地區之台灣二葉松其光合能力之季節變化，碳水化合物之累積利用、萌芽及形成層細胞之分裂之差異主要受到溫度變化及降雨量之影響。Summary
The purpose of this study is to explore the seasonal variations of photosynthesis and related physiological characteristics of conifers in high and low elevation of subtropical Taiwan. Picca morrisonicola and pinus taiwanensis were used as materials.
It was observed from that the photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence of Picea morrosonicola in Takata Area had been maintained a higher level from late spring to early winter. Then decreased with temperature decreasing in winter and recovered with temperatuer increased. Pinus Taiwanensis was as same as Picea morrisonicola in winter but the decrease of its photosynthesis effectiveness was early than that of Picea morrisonicola. The seasonal variation on chlorophyll fluorescence of Pinus Taiwanensis could not be seen in Hung-sun Area , but which variation of capacity in different seasons were related to rainfall.
The flush and cambial division of Pinus Taiwanesis in Hung-sun Area usually begins in March, on the contrary which was begins in April in both Picea Morrisonicola and Pinus Taiwanesis in Taketa Area. This difference might be due to the differences in temperature and rainfall of the Hung-sun and Takaka Areas. It also observed that the seasonal variation of carbohydrat and sugar were relate to the seasonal of flush and cambinal division as well as temperatuer and rainfall.
It was concluded that, the accumulation and utilization of carbohydrate, the discrepancy of flush and cambial division, and the efficiency of photosynthesis, of Pinus Taiwanensis and Picea morrisonicola in both Takaka and Hung-sun Areas, all closely linked with the factors such as the changes of temperature and rainfall in the specific sections they exist.目錄
摘要..........................................................................................................Ⅰ英文摘要...................................................................................................Ⅱ
一、 前言..............................................................................................1
二、 前人研究......................................................................................2
三、 材料與方法................................................................................11
(一)實驗材料...............................................................................11
(二)實驗方法...............................................................................12
1.光合速率測定...................................................................12
2.葉綠素螢光測定...............................................................13
3.可溶性蛋白質...................................................................13
4.葉片色素含量...................................................................13
5.可溶性醣及澱粉測定.......................................................14
6.生長發育之記錄及形成層之採取、埋臘切片與光學顯微鏡的觀察..........................................................................15
四、 結果............................................................................................16
(一)氣候及氣象條件...................................................................16
(二)光合能力、葉綠素螢光及可溶性蛋白質之季節變化.......20
(三)葉綠素含量變化...................................................................25
(四)碳水化合物含量之季節變化...............................................35
(五)生長發育...............................................................................38
五、 討論............................................................................................49
(一)光合速率之季節變化...........................................................49
(二)生長特性...............................................................................60
(三)碳水化合物...........................................................................63
六、引用文獻..........................................................................................6
A study of Tang Hsien-Tsu’s commentary of drama
No full text晚明的戲曲評點因為城市人民的娛樂需求、戲曲文化的活躍繁榮與刻書事業的蓬勃發展而興盛。以「湯顯祖」為號召的戲曲評點本，因數量不少，已成一系列的「湯評本」，然而其中有不少評點本並非湯顯祖所評。由於釐清這些湯評本的真偽，運用這些評點資料，有助於建構或補充湯顯祖的戲曲理論，而且即使這些湯評本為偽託之作，其評點內容仍能表現當時普遍流行的戲曲理論觀點，因此有其研究的必要與價值。論文所採取的研究方法是先掌握學者諸說的爭議所在，以作為展開真偽考述的基礎；再以四種角度觀照湯評本的諸多問題，一是考察「劇本作者」、「劇本創作年代」與湯顯祖生平的關係，以探討湯顯祖加以評點的可能性；二是藉由板式與插圖進行「評本刊刻地」的考察，觀察明代刊刻湯評本的現象，藉以判斷書坊作偽的可能性與型態；三是針對「同劇作的各種評本」進行比較，以釐清評語是否借襲他本及各評本間的關係；四是分析「評語內涵」是否符合湯顯祖的思想精神與文藝觀點。後以可信為湯顯祖所評的《董解元西廂》與《紅拂記》來探討湯評本的戲劇學觀點，一是雖然重視「曲意」的發揮，但已越來越講究「關目情節」的經營與安排，二是對於人物形象塑造，也因「情真」思想，促使人物由「類型化」轉變為「個性化」的發展。於偽託湯評本的戲劇學觀點，則由視為「擬作」的《玉茗堂批評紅梅記》、《玉茗堂批評異夢記》、《玉茗堂批評種玉記》與《玉茗堂批評節俠記》四種來探討，一是追隨湯顯祖「情」與「夢」的主題，二是注意曲白文詞的抒情性以及人物塑造的「情真」，三是注重關目情節的呈現，四是注意場上表演的需要，已逐漸建立戲曲劇本「場上表演」的觀念。The commentary of drama was in vogue during the late Ming dynasty, because the amusement demand of civilian, prosperous culture of opera and flourishing development of book publication. In the series of text about “Tang Hsien-Tsu’s commentary of drama”, which was thought to be written by Tang Hsien-Tsu himself, were not all Tang Hsien-Tsu’s commentary. Because of distinguishing “the Tang Hsien-Tsu’s commentary of drama” true and false, using these commentary materials is helpful to construct or supply the drama theory of Tang Hsien-Tsu. However, even if the commentary was forged to be Tang Hsien-Tsu''s, it can still exhibit the popular viewpoint of opera at that time. Therefore, a research about this is necessary and valuable.he research methodology of thesis is to grasp all scholar''s dispute. After that, the problems of the commentaries are surveyed in four respects. First, to show the relations between“drama author”, “play writing times” and Tang Hsien-Tsu''s life; Second, to investigate the book workshops and types forged; Third, to compare various of drama commentaries in order to distinguish the relations of drama commentaries; Fourth, to analyze comment intension whether it accords with thoughts, literature and art viewpoints of Tang Hsien-Tsu.he commentaries of “Tung chieh yuen his hsiang” and “Hung fu ji” made by Tang Hsien-Tsu are reliable. We use these commentaries to show Tang Hsien-Tsu''s drama theory. First, though “meaning of song” was valued, the arrangement of plot was emphasized more and more; Second, for personage image-building, impelling personages to be changed into “individualized development” from the “the type” was due to the thought of “true feelings”.he commentaries of “Hung mei ji ”, “I meng ji”, “Chien yu ji” and “Chieh hsia ji” were not made by Tang Hsien-Tsu, but commentators made these like Tang Hsien-Tsu. These commentators, first, followed the theme about “the feeling” and “the dream” of Tang Hsien-Tsu; Second, they paid attention to the lyric words of a song and characterization about “real feelings”; Third, they laid stress on the appearing of plot; Fourth, they thought highly of the need of performing on the field so they had already set up the idea of the libretto, “performs on the field”, gradually.目 錄試委員會審定書 Ⅰ辭 Ⅱ文摘要 Ⅲ文摘要 Ⅳ論 1一節：研究概況與旨趣 1二節：研究範圍與方法 13一章：晚明戲曲評點與湯顯祖生平思想概述 16一節：晚明戲曲評點勃興的因素 16、城市人民的娛樂需求 16、戲曲文化的活躍繁榮 18、刻書事業的蓬勃發展 18二節：明代戲曲評點本的組成要素 21、評點形式的分析 21、評點內涵的分析 22三節：湯顯祖的生平與文學思想 26、湯顯祖的生平 26、湯顯祖的文學思想 30二章：湯評本真偽考述（上）：玉茗堂批評系列 43一節：《玉茗堂批評紅梅記》 43、《紅梅記》創作年代 43、學者對《玉茗堂批評紅梅記》是否真為湯顯祖所評的看法 43、學者的爭議之一：袁于令改寫〈鬼辯〉的時間是否在湯顯祖逝世之前 46、學者的爭議之二：《玉茗堂批評紅梅記》與陳繼儒評《丹桂記》的關係（四種《紅梅記》評本板本的比對） 48、學者的爭議之三：〈紅梅記總評〉與各齣眉批、齣批是否皆符合湯顯祖思想與藝術內涵 59、小結 64二節：《玉茗堂批評異夢記》 67、《異夢記》創作年代 67、學者對《玉茗堂批評異夢記》是否真為湯顯祖所評的看法 69、學者的爭議之一：袁于令創作《西樓記》的時間，是否在湯顯祖逝世之前 70、學者的爭議之二：《玉茗堂批評異夢記》與師儉堂本陳評《異夢記》的關係 71、《玉茗堂批評異夢記》評語內涵的分析 73、小結 78三節：《臨川玉茗堂批評西樓記》 81、《西樓記》創作年代 81、《臨川玉茗堂批評西樓記》評者為誰的討論 81四節：《玉茗堂批評種玉記》 85、《種玉記》創作年代 85、學者對《玉茗堂批評種玉記》是否真為湯顯祖所評的看法 87、《玉茗堂批評種玉記》與明代蘇州書坊的關係 88、《玉茗堂批評種玉記》的評語是否皆符合湯顯祖思想與藝術內涵 89、小結 94五節：《玉茗堂批評節俠記》 96、《節俠記》創作年代 96、學者對《玉茗堂批評節俠記》是否真為湯顯祖所評的看法 97、《玉茗堂批評節俠記》與明代蘇州書坊的關係 98、《玉茗堂批評節俠記》的評語是否皆符合湯顯祖思想與藝術內涵 99、小結 100三章：湯評本真偽考述（下）：湯評西廂系列及其他 103一節：《董解元西廂》與《玉茗堂批訂董西廂》 104二節：《湯海若先生批評西廂記》、《西廂會真傳》、《三先生合評元本北西廂》 121三節：《玉茗堂批評新著續西廂昇仙記》 143四節：湯顯祖評《紅拂記》 146、《紅拂記》的評價與評點本 146、學者對湯顯祖評《紅拂記》是否真為湯顯祖所評的看法 148、三種《紅拂記》評點本的比對 149、湯顯祖評《紅拂記》（凌玄洲本）的評語是否皆符合湯顯祖思想與藝術內涵 158、小結 163五節：其餘湯評本 165、有獨立不抄襲的批評內容，而偽託湯顯祖所評 165、翻刻抄襲他本的批評內容，而偽託湯顯祖所評 166、根本無實質批評內容，而偽託湯顯祖所評 167四章：湯評本的戲劇學觀點 168一節：湯顯祖評《董解元西廂》的戲劇學觀點探討 168、人物形象 170、曲白文詞 174、關目情節 179二節：湯顯祖評《紅拂記》的戲劇學觀點探討 182、人物形象 182、曲白科諢 190、關目情節 193三節：偽託湯評本的戲劇學觀點探討 196、「情」與「夢」的追隨 197、關目情節 200、場上表演 207論 209考文獻 215錄：湯顯祖戲曲評點本評語輯錄 22
The salinity tolerance of native Gramineae Halophytes in Taiwan.
No full text為了探討在不同水分條件下原生的禾本科鹽生植物的耐鹽性，以大甲溪口之鹽地鼠尾粟﹝Sporobolus virginicus﹝L.﹞Kunth﹞、海雀稗﹝Paspalum vaginatum Sw.﹞、中華結縷草﹝Zoysia sinica Hance﹞、另外加上台中市南區旱溪溪邊所採集之雙穗雀稗﹝Paspalum distichum L.﹞合計四種植物為材料。其中，鹽地鼠尾粟主要分布於西部海岸高潮線附近，甚至常見於鹽田等鹽度極高且潮濕之處。中華結縷草則廣佈於全臺不同自然環境之海岸地帶。海雀稗則分布於鹽度較低之河口或海岸溼地。雙穗雀則主要分布於內陸之溼地及水田。將採集回來的材料以水耕培養，分別施予NaCl處理 （鹽逆境+缺水逆境）及PEG(Polyethylene Glycol)-6000滲透調節劑處理（缺水逆境）。
在NaCl處理下，若以各材料之展葉速率及綠葉數當作耐鹽基準，則以鹽地鼠尾粟最耐鹽，其次為中華結縷草，再其次為海雀稗，而雙穗雀稗最不耐鹽。經NaCl處理後，鹽地鼠尾黍、海雀稗、中華結縷草及雙穗雀稗等四種材料之中，經1.5%及3.0%之NaCl處理後水分潛勢分別降為-3.84、-2.87、-3.31、-2.41MPa及-6.30、-4.54、-4.58、-3.45 MPa，相對含水量則除雙穗雀稗減少20%(從95%降為約75%)外，其他三種材料則無顯著變化。而總溶質增加的倍數分別為2.2、2.1、1.3、1.7及2.3、2.3、1.7及3.1。其中以Na+增加幅度最大，經1.5%之NaCl處理後Na+增加的倍數分別為4.0、8.0、4.6、6.5。經1.5%及3.0%之NaCl處理後可溶性糖增加的倍數分別為1.0、1.6、1.2、1.1及1.1、3.2、1.4、0.86，其他溶質之變化則較小。從NaCl處理後葉片細胞滲漏電導度及MDA(malondialclehyde)含量之變化情形可知，在NaCl處理下以鹽地鼠尾粟之膜系最穩定，其次為中華結縷草，再其次為海雀稗。而雙穗雀稗最不穩定，於3.0%之NaCl其膜即近完全（98%）破壞。此外尚發現較耐鹽之鹽地鼠尾粟及中華結縷草葉片表面有鹽腺，可將過多的鹽分排出體外。
以PEG處理者，四種供試材料之總溶質含量變化不大，而Na+、K+含量則均顯著減少，葉片亦有捲曲現象，表示於PEG下，植物缺少外來之離子參與滲透調節，而使葉片呈缺水現象。此外，在此缺水逆境下，相對含水量除雙穗雀稗呈顯著減少（16%）外，其餘四種供試材料變化皆不顯著（圖二十二）。
由以上結果可知，本研究所使用之材料在鹽分處理後，能累積溶質，進行滲透調節。此外較耐鹽之鹽地鼠尾粟及中華結縷草，除了可藉由鹽腺將多餘的鹽分排除之外，尚有耐滲透逆境之能力，而且膜之穩定性亦較高，這些機制與乾生鹽生植物大致相同。In order to investigate the salinity tolerance of native Gramineae halophytes in different water conditions, three species, ie. Sporobolus virginicus (L.) Kunth, Paspalum vaginatum Sw. and Zoysia sinica Hance from the bank of the Da Chia River, and one species, Paspalum distichum L. from the bank of the Dry River in the southern part of Taichung City were used as materials. Among these materials, S. virginicus is mainly distributed along the high-tide line of western coast, and can be found in high salinity wet land. Z. sinica is mainly distributed on the various environment of coast in Taiwan. P. vaginatum can be found at the river estuary or the coastal everglade with low salinity. P. distichum is mainly located in the inland everglade and paddy area. Materials were cultivated in hydroponic condition, which were treated with NaCl (salt stress + water stress) and PEG(Polyethylene Glycol)-6000 (water stress).
Based on the leaf emerging rate and the number of green leaf under NaCl treatment, S. virginicus showed the highest salinity tolerance, followed by Z. sinica and P. vaginatum, and P. distichum was the lowest. After treated with 1.5% and 3.0% NaCl in nutrient, the water potential among S. virginicus, Z. sinica, P. vaginatum and P. distichum were -3.84, -2.87, -3.31, -2.41 MPa and —6.30, -4.54, -4.58, -3.45 MPa,respectively. The relative water contents of P. distichum decreased by 20% (from 95% to 75%), and the other species remained unchanged. And the increasing folds of total solute of them were 2.2, 2.1, 1.3, 1.7 and 2.3, 2.3, 1.7, 3.1,respectively. Among accumulated solutes, Na+ increases the most. After treated with 1.5% NaCl, the increasing folds of Na+ in above four materials were 4.0, 8.0, 4.6 and 6.5, respectively. After treated with 1.5% and 3.0% NaCl, the increasing folds of soluble sugar in four materials were 1.0, 1.6, 1.2, 1.1 and 1.1, 3.2, 1.4, 0.86, respectively. The other solutes had fewer changes. According to the electrolyte leakage and MDA (malondialdehyde) content of leaf NaCl treatment, S. virginicus showed the highest membrane stability, followed by Z. sinica and P. vaginatum. P. Distichum was the least stable. Besides, S. virginicus and Z. sinica could expel excessive salt by salt glands on the surface of the leaves.
The content of total solutes of four tested plants didn't change much after PEG treatment, however, the amount of Na+ and K+ decreased obviously, and leaf rolling could be found. It indicated that tested plants lose the water by lack the participation of exotic ions in osmotic regulation.
Based on the mentioned above result, tested materials could accumulate solutes and carry out osmotic regulation. Moreover, higher salt-tolerant species, S. virginicus and Z. sinica, were not only able to expel excessive salt by the salt glands, but had high membrane stability under salinit and osmotic stress. These mechanisms of salt marsh halophytes are roughly the same with terrestrial halophytes.中英文摘要...........I
圖表目錄.............a
前言.................1
前人研究.............3
材料方法.............18
結果.................24
討論.................44
參考文獻.............50
附錄.................6
Photosynthetic characteristics and accummlation of assimilate of the different pear (Pyrus) grafting combinations
No full text本研究旨在比較幾種高接梨組合的光合作用及碳水化合物累積特性與耐熱性。結果顯示嫁接在以糖梨(Tan Li)為根砧之橫山梨枝幹上的臺灣野梨(P. koehnei)及鳥梨(Laio Li)枝條，其儲藏性碳水化合物較橫山梨枝條為高，而臺灣野梨枝條又較鳥梨高。觀察已嫁接鳥梨之五年橫山梨植株，顯示比未嫁接鳥梨者有較旺的樹勢。但是本研究顯示單位葉面積之光合速率則是鳥梨>橫山梨>臺灣野梨，故嫁接於橫山梨之臺灣野梨枝條能累積較多的同化產物，其原因並非受到單位葉面積之光合速率之影響，可能由於臺灣野梨之葉片數目較多及葉齡較長所致。雖然葉綠素螢光參數顯示臺灣野梨、橫山梨和新興梨(Sinkou)之間光系統Ⅱ之耐熱性並無顯著差異，但是以紅外線分析儀所測得之結果顯示，臺灣野梨之光合適溫稍高於橫山梨及新興梨，此點也可能造成其在台灣中部之高溫環境下能維持稍高的光合速率的原因。由於溫室效應，全球氣溫逐年增加，臺灣野梨較能適應高溫環境及其本身特性，應用在嫁接上可能更有助於改善橫山梨樹勢。The aim of this study focus on the photosynthesis, accumulation of carbohydrate and heat tolerance of difference pear (Pyrus) grafting combinations. The results showed that the branch of both P. koehnei and ‘Laio Li' accumulated higher carbohydrate than that of ‘Heng Shan' in the branch when they were grafted to ‘Tan Li' rootstock. Furthermore, accumulated carbohydrate in the branch of P. koehnei was higher that that of ‘Laio Li'. The growth potential of ‘Heng Shan' was higher in which one branch was grafted with ‘Laio Li' for 5 years than that no grafted. However, photosynthetic rate of leaf area unit of ‘Laio Li' leaves was higher than that of P. koehnei, when they were grafted to ‘Heng Shan'. Above results indicated that the branch of grafted P. koehnei accumulated more photosynthate was not due to the higher photosynthetic rate of leaf area unit rather than higher leaf number as well as longer leaf span. In spite of the temperature tolerance of photosystem Ⅱ estimated from chlorophyll fluorescence was not significant difference among P. koehnei, ‘Heng Shan' and ‘Sinkou' pear, the optimum temperature for photosynthesis of P. koehnei leaves was higher than that of both ‘Heng Shan' and grafted ‘Sinkou'. This result demonstrated that P. koehnei leaves could maintain higher photosynthesis rate during high temperature period in Central of Taiwan. From the above results it could be considered that P. koehnei might be used as a carbon source for pear production under increasing temperature of global climate change.數種高接梨組合之光合作用與同化產物累積特性
目 錄
摘要………………………………………………………………………I
英文摘要………………………………………………………………..Ⅱ
圖目次…………………………………………………………………..Ⅲ
表目次…………………………………………………………………..Ⅴ
壹、前言……………………………………………………….…………1
貳、前人研究………………………………………………….…………4
參、材料與方法…………………………………………………………16
一. 試驗材料……………………………………………………......16
二. 試驗方法……………………………………………………......16
肆、結果…………………………………………………………………22
一. 光合作用特性………………………………………………..22
二. 葉綠素螢光對溫度之反應…………………………………..28
三. 葉片老化葉綠素變化情形…………………………………..32
四. 休眠期碳水化合物儲藏特性………………………………..35
伍、討論………………………………………………………………..39
陸、結論………………………………………………………………..43
引用文獻………………………………………………………………..44
附錄照片………………………………………………………………..5
Genetic variation and habit adaptation of Lilium formosanum var. formosanum Liu &Ying and L. Longiflorum Thunb. Var. scabrum Masamune
No full text為瞭解台灣原生百合對其原生地適應之生態生理特性，從5月末至10月初，將糙莖鐵炮百合之鱗莖置於分別置於10 ℃、18 ℃、25 ℃下，觀察其鱗莖萌發適溫及開花所需時間，結果顯示糙莖鐵炮百合鱗莖在10 ℃及18 ℃下之萌發時間較25 ℃為短，且隨著處理時間之延長，萌發所需之時間愈短。而置於10 ℃下之臺灣百合鱗莖，萌發所需時間最短(32〜66天)，18 ℃次之(101〜138天)，25 ℃則部分不抽莖，而部分則在兩週內萌發，可見臺灣百合萌發所需之溫度較糙莖鐵炮百合為低，此點可能與其在冬季萌發之習性有關。另外，糙莖鐵炮百合之鱗莖置於47.5 ℃溫湯處理一小時，可大幅縮短其發芽時間，可見高溫也具有打破休眠之作用。部分台灣百合在25 ℃會萌發可能與溫室內之高溫有關。
臺灣百合鱗莖在6~7月經低溫處理，可在兩個月後開花，若在11~12月處理，則在6個月後才能開花。可見臺灣百合需低溫春化加上長日才會開花，而糙莖鐵炮百合在一年四季中，只要經過低溫春化即會開花。此乃造成兩種百合花期不同之原因。而糙莖鐵炮百合在10 ℃處理後均會開花，在18 ℃下萌發者，部份會開花，各族群對低溫之需求程度不同，其中北部族群則僅於10 ℃下萌發者才有開花。
以逢機增殖多型性DNA（RAPD）方法探討台灣百合及糙莖鐵炮百合之遺傳變異情形，以採集地作為族群分類單位，以AMOVA分析結果顯示種間之變異佔總變異之3.92 ﹪，種內族群間的變異佔31.94 ﹪，而族群內個體間之變異佔64.15 ﹪，顯著性測驗之p值均小於0.001，顯示台灣百合和糙莖鐵炮百合族群間確實已有遺傳分化情形，且由百合族群歸群圖大致可以區分台灣東部及西部之百合族群。
從各氣象觀測站所得之氣溫、雨量和颱風強度可看出東海岸秋季多雨、夏季颱風強勁。故百合在秋季發芽，3~5月開花，6~7月成熟，既可維持一定之營養生長期，生殖生長期受到颱風之威脅又較少。而西部則因秋冬為乾季，故發芽期需延後，唯原生於太麻里金針山的臺灣百合其發芽及開花習性與其他東海岸之糙莖鐵炮百合相似，可見其生態生理習性與分類上之親緣關係較小，而與棲地環境之關係較大。In order to understand the ecophysiological characters of Taiwan orgin lilies to adaptation the environment of their habitat. Lilium formosanum Wall., and L. longiflorum were used as matrials. The bulbs were treated with three different temperature, 10 ℃, 18 ℃ or 25 ℃ from May to October. The results showed that at 10℃ and 18℃, L. formosanum emergenced earlier than at 25. When the date of treatment delayed, L. formosanum emergenced faster at 10℃ (32~66 days), slower at 18℃ (101~138 days), and part almost never emergenced, but part emergence within 2 weeks.When treatment at 25 ℃ in October, the results indicated bulbs dormancy release both in high and low temperature. Without high temperature pretreatment, L. longiflorum showed more emergence rate than that of L. formosanum under 25 ℃.
L. formosanum with low-temperature treatment in June and July flowering two month later, but which with the same treatment in November and December flowering six month later. L. formosanum needs low-temperature vernalization treatment and long-day interaction, but L. longiflorum would flower with low-temperature vernalization treatment only. This makes the difference of their flowering period.
In the RAPD study, 120 primers were screened and among them 7 primers were selected to analyze all of the samples. AMOVA analysis on RAPD data revealed that, of the total variation of the taxon, 3.92﹪was attributable to population differences between Lilium formosanum Wall., and L. longiflorum, 31.94﹪to population differences within species and 64.15﹪to individual differences within populations. The population variance was all shown to be highly significant (p<0.001).We can distinguish the populations between the east and west of Lilium spp. of Taiwan by cluster.
According to the weather record from the weather station, there is much rain in autumn-winter and lots of typhoons in summer in the eastern coast. Thus, the reproduction period lily-emergence in autumn, flowering during March to May and fruit during July to August can maintain the stable nutrition growth and avoid the threat of typhoon during the reproduction period. On the contrast, the west lilies emergence delay because of the drying season in autumn and winter. L. formosanum grows in Taimali population similar emergence and flowering habit to L. longiflorum in the eastern coast. This phenomenon implies that the eco-physiological habits of lilies are more related to the environment where they grow than their genetic relationship.壹、前言…………………………………………………………………1
貳、前人研究
一、台灣百合和糙莖鐵炮百合之相關研究…………………………2
二、逢機擴增多型性DNA標誌及其原理……………………………8
參、材料與方法
一、試驗材料…………………………………………………………11
二、外部形態…………………………………………………………13
三、生長習性…………………………………………………………13
四、逢機擴增多型性核酸分析………………………………………14
五、統計分析…………………………………………………………17
六、氣候資料…………………………………………………………18
肆、結果
一、外部形態…………………………………………………………19
二、生長習性…………………………………………………………21
三、RAPD之分析………………………………………………………30
伍、討論
一、糙莖鐵炮百合和台灣百合外部形態之變異性…………………34
二、糙莖鐵炮百合和台灣百合之生長特性…………………………35
三、糙莖鐵炮百合和台灣百合之遺傳變異及環境適應性之探討 …38
陸、參考文獻……………………………………………………………41
柒、附錄…………………………………………………………………4
Effects of irradiance and temperature on the chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics
No full text摘要
為了知悉光度與溫度對葉綠素螢光特性之影響，以黃葉、綠葉及紫葉等三種甘藷，及9種溫帶原產及17種熱帶亞熱帶原產之植物為對象加以探討。
結果顯示黃色甘藷葉綠素含量較低，葉綠素a/b值較高。將三種葉色之甘藷合併分析顯示，Fo( 最小螢光放射量 )、Fm( 最大螢光放射量 )、Fv/Fm( PSII最大光化學潛能 )等三者與葉綠素含量均呈曲線正相關，其中以黃葉甘藷之Fo、Fm及Fv/Fm均較低。隨著光度增加，P(光化學消散佔吸收光能的比例)會逐漸變小，D( 螢光消散熱消散佔所有吸收光能之比例 )則逐漸增加，而E (過多的能量佔所有吸收能量的比例 )變化較P及D為小且較不規則。但在相同光度下，光合作用較高的葉片，其P較高，D較低，E也會較少。除了光合速率特低(5 μmol m-2 s-1之葉片其Fv/Fm大致持平，此持平階段之Fv/Fm平均值以紫葉較高(0.70±0.02)、綠葉次之(0.66±0.02)、黃葉最小(0.59±0.02)。綜合以上結果得知黃葉甘藷之PSII效能對光度較紫葉及綠葉敏感。
探討在不同溫度下，不同植物之Tc值(在黑暗下快速增溫(1℃ min-1)時，Fo急遽增加時的臨界溫度)差異很大。9種溫帶原產植物之Tc值在冬季 (1~2月)為37~46℃，夏季則為32~48℃，而熱帶原產CAM及4種C4型植物之Tc值，在冬季及夏季分別為為41~47℃及45~46℃，其餘12種則分別為25~47℃及35~48℃。比較所有供試植物冬夏兩季Tc值之差異，得知溫帶原產C3植物之差異小於1.9℃，而熱帶原產CAM、C4及C3植物之差異則分別為-0.75℃、2.49±1.14℃(SD)及9.45±5.69℃。此外，將葉片以45℃處理20分鐘，再放置室溫1小時後，發現熱帶原產物種之Fo及Fv/Fm較不易受到高溫之影響，而溫帶原產C3植物則變化很大，從容易受到影響到不容易受到影響之物種均有，而且發現除了柳橙之外，將溫帶原產C3及熱帶原產CAM及C4型植物合併分析時Tc與RFvm(45℃處理後Fv/Fm之變化比率)呈顯著正相關。但是熱帶原產C3型植物其Tc值變化很大，但是RFvm卻很相近。由以上結果顯示，Tc值可比較熱帶原產CAM、C4及溫帶原產C3型植物之耐熱性，但可能無法作為熱帶原產C3型植物耐熱性指標。然而，相同植物在不同季節對溫度具有很高的可塑性，且經高溫馴化亦有相同結果，故Tc值可作為相同植物之耐熱指標。
由於螢光測量為非破壞性方式，可提供一個快速簡便且有效方法得知植物光合器官對高溫及高光的影響程度。
〔關鍵詞〕：光度、溫度、葉綠素螢光、光合作用、光化學消散、熱忍受性、Tc值。Abstract
In order to understand the effects of irradiance and temperature on the chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics among plant species, 3 varieties of sweet potato with different leaf color (yellow, green and purple), and 17 species of tropical origin as well as 9 species of temperate origin plants were used as materials.
The results indicated that yellow sweet potato showed lower chlorophyll (chl) content and higher chl a/b ratio in leaves. When merged together the results measured from 3 sweet potato leaves to statistical analysis, it was found that Fo (minimum chlorophyll fluorescence), Fm (maximum chlorophyll fluorescence) and Fv/Fm (variable chlorophyll fluorescence) increased curvelinearly with the increase in chl content. It also found that P (fraction of light absorbed in PSII antennae that is utilized in photosynthetic electron transport) decreased gradually, and D (fraction of light absorbed in PSII antennae that is dissipated via thermal energy dissipation in the antennae) increased gradually with light increasing. While E (fraction of excess absorbed in PSII antennae) varied very lesser than P and D, and it not related to light intensity. Under the same light intensity, the leaves with higher rate of Pn showed higher P, and lower D and E. Expect the leaf with extremely low Pn ( purple > yellow. The predawn Fv/Fm of three sweet potato is about 0.8. However, when illuminated with 2000 μmol m-2 s-1 (PPFD) for 2 hours, Fv/Fm of the leaves with extremely low Pn declined to 0.3~0.5, while that of other leaves were 0.7±0.02 for purple variety, 0.66±0.02 for green variety and 0.59±0.02 for yellow variety. This result indicated that actual PSII efficiency in yellow leaf sweet potato is most sensitive to light, followed by green, and then by purple leaf variety.
When leaves were linearly heated from room temperature to the final temperatures of 45-50℃ with about 1℃ min-1 graduation in darkness, the temperature at which the F0 occurs increased sharply (critical temperature, Tc) varied largely with species. Nine of the temperate origin species ranged their Tc between 37-46℃ in winter (Jan.-Feb.), and ranged 32-48℃ in summer. While those of 1 tropical origin CAM and 4 C4 species were 41-47℃ and 45-46℃, and those for 12 tropical origin C3 species were 25-47℃and 35-48℃, respectively. The difference of Tc between two seasons in the same species for temperate origin C3 species were less than 1.9℃, while those for tropical origin CAM, C4 and C3 species were —0.75℃, 2.49±1.40(SD) and 9.45±5.95℃, respectively. When the leaves were exposed to 45℃ for 20 min and then accumulated in dark room for 1 hr, both F0 and Fv/Fm of temperate origin species with lower Tc were more influenced than those of tropical origin C4 and CAM species. On the contrary, other temperate origin species and all the tropical origin CAM and C4 species showed higher Tc, and their F0 and Fv/Fm were insensitive to high temperature in winter. Therefore, it showed significant correlation between their RFv/m (the ratio of Fv/Fm before and after 45℃ treatment) and Tc. However, the tropical origin C3 species were less sensitivity of F0 and Fv/Fm at 45℃ treatment in spite of showing largely variation of Tc among species, thus no significant correlation could be found between their RFv/m and Tc. It could be concluded that comparing the temperate origin C3 as well as tropical origin C4 and CAM species, Tc of tropical origin C3 species was hard to estimate their heat tolerance among species. However, they showed higher plasticity in the same species during different seasons or temperature treatments, so their Tc probably suited to estimate the degree of temperature accumulation in the same species.
As a conclusion, chlorophyll fluorescence measurement is a non-invasive technique could provide fast and convenient data, is a powerful tools for ecophysiological syudy.
Key words:
Light, temperature, chlorophyll fluorescence, photosynthesis, photochemical quenching, heat tolerance, Tc.光度與溫度對葉綠素螢光特性之影響
目錄
摘要…………………………………………………………………………………..1
Abstract………………………………………………………………………………..3.前言…………………………………………………………………………………..6
前人研究……………………………………………………………………………..7
第一章：光度對葉綠素螢光特性之影響
一、摘要…………………………………………………………………………….12
二、前言……………………………………………………………………………14
三、材料與方法……………………………………………………………............17
(一) 材料………………………………………………………………………..17
(二) 測定項目及方法…………………………………………………………..18
( 1 )在強光下之光抑制程度………………………………………………18
( 2 )不同葉色甘藷之能量分配情形………………………………………20
四、結果…………………………………………………………………………….21
(一)葉綠素含量及螢光參數……………………………………………………21
(二)所吸收光能之分配…………………………………………………………25
(三)電子傳遞速率………………………………………………………………29
(四)光抑制程度…………………………………………………………………30
五、討論…………………………………………………………………………….35
第二章：溫度對葉綠素螢光特性之影響
一、摘要…………………………………………………………………………….40
二、前言…………………………………………………………………………….41
三、材料與方法…………………………………………………………………….44
(一)材料………………………………………………………………………...44
(二)方法………………………………………………………………………...44
四、結果……………………………………………………………………………..46
五、討論……………………………………………………………………………..59
引用文獻…………………………………………………………………………….64
圖目次
第一章：光度對葉綠素螢光特性之影響
圖1-1、不同葉色甘藷在各種施肥量下，其葉綠素a、葉綠素b、葉綠素 a/b與葉綠素a+b總量間之關係。●：紫葉甘藷；○：綠甘藷；△：黃甘藷。***：P<0.001。…………………………………………………………………………..22
圖1-2、不同葉色甘藷之Fo及Fm與葉綠素a+b總量、葉綠素a、葉綠素b間之關係。●：紫葉甘藷；○：綠葉甘藷；△：黃葉甘藷。***：P<0.001。……………23
圖1-3、不同葉色甘藷之Fv/Fm與葉綠素a+b總量、葉綠素a、葉綠素b間之關係。●：紫葉甘藷；○：綠葉甘藷；△：黃葉甘藷。**：P<0.01；***：P<0.001。…24
圖1-4、不同葉色甘藷在1200 μmol m-2 s-1光度下之最大光合速率與Fo、Fm、Fv/Fm間之關係。●：紫葉甘藷；○：綠葉甘藷；△：黃葉甘藷。…………………26
圖1-5、不同葉色甘藷在1200 μmol m-2 s-1之光合速率與葉綠素a+b總量、葉綠素a、葉綠素b間之關係。●：紫葉甘藷；○：綠葉甘藷；△：黃葉甘藷。…… . 27
圖1-6、不同光度下(200、400、800、1200 μmol m-2 s-1)，不同葉色甘藷光合速率、P、E、D及NPQ之變化情形。●：紫葉甘藷；○：綠葉甘藷；△：黃葉甘藷。..28
圖1-7、不同光度下(200、400、800、1200 μmol m-2 s-1)，不同葉色甘藷之P、E、D與光合速率與間之關係。●：紫葉甘藷；○：綠葉甘藷；△：黃葉甘藷。*：P<0.05；**：P<0.01；***P<0.001；ns：不顯著。 a：紫葉甘藷(●)及綠葉甘藷(○)，不包括黃葉甘藷(△)。……………………………………………..32
圖1-8、不同葉色甘藷之光合速率與電子傳遞速率間之關係。A、C及E：紫葉、綠葉及黃葉甘藷(n=4)﹔B：紫葉甘藷(n=16) ﹔D：綠葉甘藷(n=14) ﹔F：黃葉甘藷(n=14)。***：P<0.001。相同記號表示同一葉片在不同光度下所測得之值。..33
圖1-9、溫室或陽台生長之不同葉色甘藷，在2種施肥量下，其照光前及經2000 μmol m-2 s-1照2小時後再暗馴化20分鐘所測得之Fv/Fm值，與1200 μmol m-2 s-1下光合速率之關係。7~9月測量 → ○：溫室半肥；●：溫室全肥；△：陽台半肥；▲：陽台全肥。2月測量 → ◇：陽台半肥或全肥。*：P<0.05；**：P<0.01；***：P<0.001。………………………………………………….. 34
第二章：溫度對葉綠素螢光特性之影響
圖2-1：以甘蔗為例，在黑暗下溫度從室溫急遽上升(約1℃ min-1)時，其Fo緩慢增加及急遽增2條回歸直線之交叉點視為Tc值。…………………………………..50
圖2-2、在不同季節，當溫度急遽上升(約1℃ min-1)時，不同植物葉片Fo之變化情形(FTC圖)，A及B：甕菜﹔C及D：水稻﹔E及F：馬拉巴栗。每種植物分別測定3重覆，每重覆使用不同之葉片，相同記號表示同一葉片。………………51
圖2-3、在不同月份，相同植物葉片同時以PAM 2000及PEA螢光儀測得之Tc值間關係。○：1月之溫帶原產植物；△：2月之溫帶原產植物；□：5月之溫帶原產植物；●：1月之熱帶原產植物；▲：2月之熱帶原產植物；：5月之熱帶原產植物。………………………………………………………………….52
圖2-4、在不同季節將不同植物葉片，以45℃熱水浴處理20分鐘後放置室溫1小時後，處理後Fv/Fm之變化比率(RFvm=(處理後Fv/Fm)/(處理前Fv/Fm))，與Fo變化比率(RFo=(處理後Fo)/(處理前Fo))間之關係。●：熱帶原產CAM植物；：熱帶原產C4植物；▲：熱帶原產C3植物；△：溫帶原產C3植物。……………………………………………………………………………….53
圖2-5、在不同季節將不同植物葉片，以45℃熱水浴處理20分鐘後放置室溫1小時後，處理後Fv/Fm之變化比率(RFvm=(處理後Fv/Fm)/(處理前Fv/Fm))，與其Tc值間之關係。●：熱帶原產CAM植物；：熱帶原產C4植物；▲：熱帶原產C3植物；△：溫帶原產C3植物。a：熱帶原產CAM(●)及C4植物()及溫帶原產C3植物(△)，不包括柳橙。……………………………………………….54
圖2-6、台中市2004年1月至5月之月平均溫。(資料取自中央氣象局台中站)。…....55
表目次
第二章：溫度對葉綠素螢光特性之影響
表2-1、九種溫帶原產植物葉片，在不同季節於黑暗下隨溫度增加時Fo驟增之臨界溫度其Tc值，及以45℃熱水浴處理20分鐘後放置室溫1小時，其Fo之變化比率(RFo(RFo=(處理後Fo)/(處理前Fo))。……………………………………….56
表2-2、十七種熱帶原產植物葉片，在不同季節於黑暗下隨溫度增加時Fo驟增之臨界溫度其Tc值，及以45℃熱水浴處理20分鐘後放置室溫1小時，其Fo之變化比率(RFo)。＃：在2月將水稻、甕菜、甘藷3種C3草本植物放於日夜溫為33℃及28℃馴化10日後，測量其Tc值。……………………………………….57
表2-3、四種溫帶原產及五種熱帶原產植物葉片，在2004年1月~2月及5月不同月份同時以PEA及PAM 2000兩種螢光儀測得之Tc值。..…………………………. 5
Photosynthetic character and nitrate content of Chinese Kale (Brassica oleracea L.) with various leaf colors
No full text本研究以不同葉色芥藍菜品種為材料，從深綠至黃綠色共九個品種，在不同季節種植，並加以分為未遮光及遮光兩種處理，檢討遺傳和光因子對光合能力和硝酸鹽代謝之影響。結果得知，葉色深綠之品種具有較高之光合速率，主要原因除了其具有較高葉綠素含量、Fm(螢光最大釋放量)、Fv(螢光釋放量差值)和可溶性蛋白質含量等非氣孔因素之外。形態上深綠色品種葉片較厚及資源著重地上部等對光合速率提升也佔重要因素。另一方面，硝酸態氮轉化成銨態氮所需同化能量來自光合作用，而且光合產物也可提升硝酸還原酵素活性，因此深綠色品種光合能力較高，所以其硝酸態氮含量有較低趨勢。遮光處理雖能提高光能利用效率，但也導致可溶性蛋白質含量，氣孔導度及葉片厚度減少，使光合速率降低。不同季節，遮光處理及採收時間之差異亦The genotypic and environmental effects on photosynthetic rate and nitrate content were investigated on Chinese Kale (Brassica oleracea L.). Nine varieties of Brassica oleracea with differential leaf color from dark-green to light-green were cultured under two light intensities in different seasons. It was concluded that the genotypes with dark-green leaf showed higher photosynthetic rate. In non-stomatal factor, more leaf chlorophyll content、Fm (maximal chlorophyll fluorescence)、Fv (variable chlorophyll fluorescence) and soluble protein content were found. Besides, more thick leaves and lower root/stem ratio resulted increased photosynthetic rate of the dark-green genotypes. On the other hand, energy from photosynthesis was increased by photosynthetic products. The genotypes with dark-green leafshowed higher photosynthetic, so their nitrate content were lower. Although light energy conversion efficiency increased under lower light intensity, decreased soluble protein content, leaf conductance and thickness were found in Brassica oleracea and lead to decreased photosynthetic rate. Nitrate content were also different among seasons, light intensities and harvesting time.目 錄
一、摘要 ………………………………………….. 1
二、英文摘要 …………………………………….. 2
三、前言 ………………………………………….. 3
四、前人研究 …………………………………….. 5
五、材料與方法 ………………………………….. 14
六、結果 ………………………………………….. 19
(一) 氣象條件 ………………………………. 19
(二) 植物色素 ………………………………. 19
(三) 光合速率和光度間之關係 ..…………... 25
(四) 影響光合速率之因子 ..………………... 28
1、 非氣孔因素 ……………………….. 28
2、 氣孔因素 ………………………….. 38
(五) 形態和資源分配 ………………………. 42
(六) 影響硝酸態氮含量之因子 ……………. 46
七、討論 ………………………………………….. 54
八、結論 ………………………………………….. 65
九、參考文獻 …………………………………….. 6
The chlorophyll fluorescence and reflectance spectra characteristics of Coleus blumei under different light condition
No full text摘要：
藉由測定三種不同色素含量的彩葉草（Coleus blumei，Blumei Benth、Wiazrd Rose與Solenostemon Scutellaroides）葉片之螢光參數及反射光譜指數，探討以反射光譜推估其紅色（含花青素）與綠色部位之花青素及葉綠素含量，及兩葉色部位對不同強度的可見光與UV-B（280-320 nm）之因應策略。結果顯示反射光譜指數 [（R750-800/ R695-740）-1] 及 [（R750–R705）/（R750﹢R705）]，兼具推估兩葉色部位之Chla+b含量之功能，而花青素含量的推估則以反射光譜指數 [（R700-710/R550-570）-1] 為佳。低葉綠素含量的三種彩葉草葉片，其在400-700 nm波段的反射與穿透率均較高葉綠素含量的葉片者為高，且綠色部位又高於紅色部位。在不同強度（200、400、800、1200及2000 μmol m-2s-1PPFD）的人工光照下，三種彩葉草之高葉綠素含量葉片的兩葉色部位，其PSⅡ效能（Fv/Fm）、光化學效率（P）與非光化學消散（NPQ）均未較低葉綠素含量的葉片者為高，熱消散（D）也未較低，僅過剩吸收光能（E）有隨葉綠素含量增加而呈下降的趨勢。顯示兩葉色部位之低葉綠素含量的葉片在可見光照下，均以較高的反射與穿透率來避免吸收過多的光能，且以較高的光化學效率來因應。兩葉色部位在光照後移至暗處，在20-120分鐘內其Fv/Fm均可快速回復，顯示兩葉色部位均以熱消散伴隨著葉黃素循環及可逆失活（reversible inactive）的PSⅡ來消散過剩光能。但紅色部位的P及D與暗處理的Fv/Fm均較綠色部位為佳，唯NPQ值未有差異。這可能是紅色部位的葉綠素含量稍高及表面花青素對可見光的遮蔽效應（masking effect），而非其提供了更旺盛的葉黃素循環所致。但在不同劑量（17.39、34.78、20.21與40.42 KJ m-2）的UV-B照射下，兩葉色部位在UV-B波段的反射及穿透率，與葉綠素含量或葉色部位間均無顯著相關，且以反射光譜指數推估花青素含量，顯示花青素含量減少，但紅色部位的Fv/Fm仍較綠色部位高。故紅色部位的高PSⅡ效能，可能是因其表面花青素的崩解而非其遮蔽效應。Abstract:
In order to estimate the chlorophyll and anthocyanin concentration by non-invasive technique and to elucidate the responses of leaves with different pigments under visible light and ultraviolet-B(280~320 nm)illumination. Three Coleus blumei varieties(Blumei Benth, Wiazrd Rose and Solenostemon Scutellaroides )were selected as materials and their reflectance spectra and chlorophyll fluorescence in both red portion(high anthocyanin concentration) and green portion(no anthocyanin)of leaves were measured. Results indicate that the reflectance indices [(R750-800/ R695-740)-1] and [(R750-R705)/(R750﹢R705)] were close related to total chlorophyll concentration in both red and green portion of C. blumei leaves, and the assessment of total anthocyanin concentration was more related to the index of [(R700-710/R550-570)-1]. Almost the green portion of leaves with higher chlorophyll concentration showed the same level of the maximum efficiency of PSⅡ (Fv/Fm), the fraction of light absorbed that is utilized in photosynthetic electron transport(P), and non-photochemical fluorescence quenching(NPQ) as the lower chlorophyll concentration ones, when treated with different light intensities (200, 400, 800, 1200 and 2000 μmol m-2s-1PPFD) for 20 mininutes. However the excess absorption energy(E)of both portion of leaves decreased with increasing chlorophyll concentration. It could be considered that the leaves with lower chlorophyll concentration could avoid absorbing excess energy by higher reflectance and transmittance between 400-700 nm, on the contrary the leaves with higher chlorophyll concentration have higher efficiency of PSⅡ to minimize excess energy. For red portion, which P was higher and D and E were lower than the green portion. But there was no significant difference in NPQ between two portions. It seems due to the higher PSⅡ efficiency by higher chlorophyll concentration, and the masking effect of anthocyanin in epidermis in red portion rather than inducing more efficiency of xanthophyll cycle. The reflectance and transmittance between 280-320 nm of both leaf portions were not related to the chlorophyll and anthocyanin concentrations, when both the two portions of leaves were treated with different UV-B doses (17.39, 34.78, 20.21 and 40.42 KJ m-2). It also showed that the anthocyanin concentration in red portion decreased with increasing UV-B dose, but which Fv/Fm was still higher than that of green portion. Indicating the PSⅡ of red portion showed better performance under UV-B illumination was due to the degradation of anthocyanin in epidermis rather than its masking effect.目 錄
目錄..............................................................................................................................Ⅰ
圖目錄......................................................................................................................... Ⅱ
Abstract..........................................................................................................................1
摘要...............................................................................................................................3
前言...............................................................................................................................5
前人研究.......................................................................................................................8
材料方法.....................................................................................................................21
結果.............................................................................................................................27
討論.............................................................................................................................60
結論.............................................................................................................................72
引用文獻.....................................................................................................................7
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