174 research outputs found
Interviews with Walter Williams, Ira Leidig, Troy Thomas Dillinger, Troy Clyde Dillinger, Leland C. Rumford, Fred Riddle, Virgil Miller, and Cecil Miller
No full textInterviews with Walter Williams, Ira Leidig, Troy Thomas Dillinger, Troy Clyde Dillinger, LelanD C. Rumford, Ed Hirschler, Fred Riddle, Virgil Miller, and Cecil Miller regarding their early experiences in Kansas. 00:00:17 - Introduction to interview with Ira Leidig by Carol Jean Brown 00:00:35 - Brewster then and now 00:01:46 - First job sod busting in 1912 00:03:30 - Meeting the Oklahoma Kid at the Cimarron River Bottom, Oklahoma 00:07:06 - Hunting and preserving quail 00:09:47 - Introduction to interview with Ira Leidig by Bill Hays 00:10:15 - 1878 raid by Indigenous Americans in Decatur County, KS 00:19:18 - Introduction to interview with Troy T. Dillinger by Doris L. Quinzer 00:19:43 - Dust storms 00:21:02 - Poem, Excuse Me If I Shed a Tear. 00:23:26 - Introduction to interview with Arlita S. Dillinger by Doris L. Quinzer 00:23:54 - Poem, Widow Sprigin\u27s Daughter 00:25:24 - Introduction to interview with Troy C. Dillinger by Doris L. Quinzer 00:25:40 - Song, The Matinee 00:29:34 - Song, Old Farmer or Farmer\u27s Daughter 00:31:10 - Song, Katie Lee and Willie Gray 00:33:22 - Introduction to interview with Troy T. Dillinger by Doris L. Quinzer 00:33:36 - Hunting coyotes 00:35:16 - Introduction to interview with Leland Rumford by Clair Rumford 00:35:36 - Song, Old Joe Finley 00:37:16 - Introduction to interview of Ed Hirschler by Clair Rumford 00:37:36 - Sam Hertel murders and hanging 00:45:53 - A Boston millionaire\u27s son and his troubles with sheep 00:53:13 - Introduction to interview with Virgil and Cecil Miller by Clair Rumford 00:53:36 - Song Little Robbie 00:56:00 - Play party games 00:57:07 - Miller boy 00:58:58 - Pig in the parlor 01:00:53 - Skip to my Lou 01:03:54 - Old Dan Tucker 01:05:07 - Topsy Through The Window 01:06:03 - The Girl I Left Behind Me 01:08:41 - Buffalo Gal 01:10:44 - Farmer Boy or Oats, Beans, and Barley Grow 01:17:57 - Wabash Bottoms and Weevilly Wheat 01:21:32 - Introduction to interview with Fred Riddle by Agnes Newbridge. This portion of the recording is muffled. 01:21:53 - Home remedies 01:26:32 - Recording of interview with unknown woman from Cimarron, KS 01:28:07 - Influenza epidemic of 1918 01:29:00 - Farming 01:32:20 - Song, Be Kind To One Anotherhttps://scholars.fhsu.edu/sackett/1053/thumbnail.jp
Static Aeroelastic Optimization of Composite Wings with Variable Stiffness Laminates
No full textThe application of composite material in load carrying structural components of an aircraft is rapidly gaining momentum. While part of the reason for this can certainly be attributed to an increasing confidence of designers in the new material as a result of growing experience, two other crucial points can be made. One, the continuous enhancements in the area of automated production technologies, which are an absolute necessity for ensuring consistent quality in a series production. Two, the progress in the development of computational methods to analyze and optimize composite structures in order to fully exploit their possible advantages over homogeneous materials. Nevertheless, it is still by virtue of challenges in their production as well as computational complexity, that full-fledged variable stiffness designs have not yet found their way in industrial large scale applications. Considering the complex path from the stiffness of a single laminate to the aeroelastic performance of an entire aircraft wing, it becomes clear that variable stiffness optimization is a non-trivial, laborious task. Not only does it require a large amount of design variables in order to achieve an adequate resolution, in addition the diverseness of responses impedes the problem definition.
The research presented in this thesis aims at an advancement of the computational treatment, i.e. the development of a variable stiffness composite optimization framework, allowing for the consideration of static aeroelastic responses in the structural design of aircraft wings. Considering the different ways of optimizing composite structures, the strategy pursued in this thesis relates to a separation of the problem in three consecutive parts, the advantage being that each step can be handled with the most suitable optimization tools. The first part comprises an optimization based on laminate stiffnesses and is the main subject of this dissertation. It will be discussed in more detail below. The second part involves a stacking sequence optimization on the basis of the optimal stiffnesses derived in the first part. Part three deals with the optimal conversion of stacking sequences to fiber paths suitable for the chosen production technology. Parts two and three do not depend significantly on the physics of the problem. However, since it closely relates to the continuous optimization in part one, the stacking sequence optimization will also shortly be addressed. Part three is not dealt with in this thesis.
The composite optimization framework consists of a successive convex subproblem iteration procedure, in which a gradient based optimizer consecutively solves a local approximation problem. Each response to be considered in the optimization, either as objective or as constraint, is approximated as a linear and/or reciprocal function of the laminate membrane and bending stiffness matrices A and D. Together with the laminate thicknesses h, they constitute the design variables in the optimization process. The distribution of design fields - each of which comprises its own set of A, D, h variables - within a structural entity like a wing skin, determines the variable stiffness resolution. Inside the optimization algorithm, stiffness matrices are parametrized by means of lamination parameters, resulting in a reduction in the amount of design variables on the one hand, and the constitution of a continuous, well-posed optimization problem on the other. The response sensitivities with respect to the design variables form an essential input in the assembly of response approximations. In this research, the finite element (FE) software Nastran is applied in order to generate sensitivities. Three major reasons account for this choice: one, the ability of specifying various types of responses, two, the time efficient implementation, and three, its prevalence in the aircraft industry. A Nastran FE model, suitable for the derivation of the required responses, is generated in a parametric model generation process. Aside from the structural FE representation, the model comprises a doublet lattice description for the computation of aeroelastic loads, and a mass model to incorporate non-structural masses like leading and trailing edge or fuel.
Structural responses considered in the stiffness optimization are strength, buckling and mass. For strength, a failure criterion in lamination parameter space is adopted. Buckling is covered by a simply supported flat plate buckling model. Aside from the regular structural responses, the aeroelastic responses aileron effectiveness, divergence, and twist are also directly considered in the optimization process. While response values and sensitivities are an immediate result of Nastran, their approximations with respect to the design variables originate from a sensitivity convexification process, ensuring the approximation to incorporate as much reciprocal share as possible.
The stiffness optimization fully relying upon the applied aeroelastic loads, a correction strategy by means of a higher order computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method is developed to enhance the doublet lattice aeroelastic loads.
Eventually, the functionality of the stiffness optimization framework is verified by three applications, comprising different levels of complexity. Mostly wing skin weight serves as objective to be minimized, but also the maximization of aileron effectiveness for a prescribed weight is demonstrated.
The possible advantages of unbalanced over balanced laminates are studied, as well as the influence of different sets of aeroelastic constraints on the achievable minimum wing skin weight. Finally, the modifications implied by an aero load correction are analyzed
The development of the instrument small regional development concept in Lower Austria
No full textDie Zusammenarbeit von Kleinregionen in Niederösterreich hat seit den 1970er Jahren Tradition. Auch im Europäischen Raumentwicklungskonzept (EUREK) wird die Ebene der (klein-)regionalen Zusammenarbeit mit dem Motto "think globally, act locally!", thematisiert.Die Palette der zu Verfügung stehenden Instrumente für die (zukünftige) Entwicklung einer Kleinregion ist überaus breit und vielfältig. Dennoch hat sich ein Instrumentarium, mittlerweile seit über 25 Jahre hinweg, besonders ausgezeichnet - das Kleinregionale Entwicklungskonzept (KREK).Das Kleinregionale Entwicklungskonzept ist dazu gedacht Gemeinden, die sich aufgrund geografischer, sozialer, wirtschaftlicher, ökologischer und kultureller Merkmale als eine Einheit empfinden, die Möglichkeit zu eröffnen mittels finanzieller Unterstützung des Landes Konzepte für die weitere Entwicklung einer Kleinregion durch Fachleute erstellen zu lassen.Im Zuge des Raumplanungsstudium an der Technischen Universität Wien und aus persönlichem Interesse ist der Autor (Anm.: Einwohner einer Gemeinde ohne Implementierung in einem Kleinregionalen Entwicklungskonzept!) auf dieses Thema aufmerksam geworden.Vorliegende Diplomarbeit beschreibt Entwicklungsverläufe und Perspektiven von Kleinregionen mit Kleinregionalen Entwicklungskonzepten von Beginn an bis heute. Weiters werden der Aufbau sowie der Erstellungsprozess von 16 ausgewählten Kleinregionalen Entwicklungskonzepten beschrieben, untereinander verglichen und ausgewertet.The cooperation of small regions in Lower Austria has tradition since the 1970s. Even in the European Spatial Development Perspective (ESDP) the level of the (small) regional cooperation with the slogan "think globally, act locally!" is discussed.The range of available instruments related to the (future) development of a small region is very wide and varied. One tool has become excellent in the past 25 years - the Small Regional Development Concept (Kleinregionales Entwicklungskonzept, KREK).The Small Regional Development Concept is intended to make communities who felt they are due to geographical, social, economic, ecological and cultural characteristics as a unit. With the possibility of providing financial support of the country, they can create concepts by professionals for the further development of their small region.As part of the study of spatial planning at the Technical University of Vienna, and for personal interest, the author (note: resident of a community without an implementation in a Small Regional Development Concept) became aware of this topic.This thesis describes the development processes and prospects of small regions with Small Regional Development Concepts from the beginning until today. In addition the author is going to explain the structure and the process of creation of 16 selected Small Regional Development Concepts. In conclusion these are compared, described and evaluated
Skin Panel Optimization of the Common Research Model Wing using Sandwich Composites
No full textThis paper presents an approach for optimizing practical commercial-scale aircraft wings using sandwich composites in a preliminary design stage. The approach uses lamination parameters as design variables in a continuous optimization step. Structural constraints for classic composite laminate design such as material failure and buckling, and for sandwich design such as crimping, wrinkling, dimpling, and core shear failure are accounted for using industrial-standard and empirical methods driven by finite element analyses. As an application case, optimization studies are performed at a skin panel level on the open-source Common Research Model wing. Optimization trends show areas of the wingbox where sandwich composites offer superior structural performance, as well as potential cost savings by requiring lesser number of stringers. The aim and novelty of this work is to present performance gains that can be achieved using sandwich composites in primary load-carrying aircraft structures when compared with monolithic composite designs and, through this, to provide a motivation for further research and development in sandwich composites and their applications.Accepted Author ManuscriptAerospace Structures & Computational Mechanic
Domestic lighting
No full textLighting is one of the determinants of quality of life. In most developing countries, households spend a considerable part of their cash income on modern fuels to meet their lighting needs. The average amount of fuel consumed for lighting is much higher in villages without electricity than in villages with it; moreover, people with non-electric light have much lower lighting levels than people with electric lights. Why then do people use non-electric lighting when electricity is available? Mainly because they fit well with poor family spending patterns. The initial cost and per month cost of a wick lamp are low, and kerosene can be bought in small quantities as needed. Households with electricity are accustomed to much higher levels of light, for which they have to finance a connection charge, installation cost and for which they pay more for regular use. It is found that houses with electric lighting typically have lighting in every room, whereas non-electric users tend to use only one lamp for the whole house. Although both kinds of lamp give light, they are not directly comparable; it takes 18 kerosene lamps to give off the light of a single 60 watt incandescent bulb.Energy and Poverty Alleviation,Energy and Environment,Renewable Energy,Energy Demand,Engineering
Regionale Leitplanung: an instrument for planning Iin agglomaration areas? Analysis of examples in the metropolitan area of Vienna, Austria
No full textDie Stadtregion Wien hat ein seit Jahren ungebrochenes Wachstum vorzuweisen. Grenzen verlieren bei dieser Entwicklung zunehmend an Bedeutung, da sich die Bewohner in der gesamten Stadtregion bewegen und die Definition ihres Lebensmittelpunkts stark mit der Kernstadt zusammen hängt. Allerdings hinken die administrative und die politische Ebene diesen Entwicklungen hinterher. Ihre Strukturen werden den Anforderungen einer Stadtregion nicht mehr gerecht, was insbesondere im Verflechtungsraum zwischen der Kernstadt und den angrenzenden Umlandgemeinden zunehmend sichtbar wird. Das Instrument der Regionalen Leitplanung hat den Anspruch das lokale Denken der Politik und der Verwaltung aufzubrechen und verstärkt die Region in ihren Überlegungen einzubinden. Die als „Kooperation auf Augenhöhe“ bezeichnete Abstimmung zwischen den verschiedenen administrativen und politischen Ebenen ist dabei ein wesentliches Element. Anwendung fand das Instrument erstmals im Nordraum Wien. Der Folgeprozess wurde im Bezirk Mödling durchgeführt, welcher andere räumliche Voraussetzungen hat. Die Arbeit bietet eingangs einen Einblick in die theoretischen Grundlagen von Stadt-Umland-Kooperationen und Stadtregionen im Allgemeinen. Neben verschiedenen Arten von Stadt-Umland-Kooperationen mit geringen bis hohen Institutionalisierungsgraden existieren auch unterschiedliche Methoden zur Abgrenzung von Stadtregionen, die je nach Land und Kulturkreis teils erheblich variieren. Da im Fokus dieser Arbeit die Stadtregion Wien steht, wird diese anhand statistischer Daten bezüglich unterschiedlicher Themen näher beleuchtet und es werden die wichtigsten in der Stadtregion bereits existenten Kooperationen vorgestellt. Den Kern der Arbeit bildet eine Analyse der beiden bereits durchgeführten Leitplanungsprozesse. Ein wesentlicher Bestandteil dieser waren Interviews mit in den Prozessen involvierten Vertretern der planenden Verwaltung, Experten und Politikern. Das Ziel dabei war herauszufinden, welchen Mehrwert die Leitplanungen für die Regionen gebracht haben und welche Probleme während des Prozesses sowie in der folgenden Umsetzung aufgetreten sind. Die Analyseergebnisse dienten außerdem zur Abschätzung der Eignung dieses Instruments für Stadt-Umland-Kooperationen. Die Leitplanungen sind grundsätzlich als erfolgreich einzustufen, da sie den in der Region tätigen Akteuren ein Regionsbewusstsein vermittelten und weitere regionale Kooperationsbemühungen, Prozesse und Projekte anstießen. Darüber hinaus wurde die Leitplanung im Nordraum Wien dazu genutzt, vorab Inhalte des zu ändernden Regionalen Raumordnungsprogrammes abzustimmen, was erhebliche Vorteile, sowohl für das Land Niederösterreich als auch die Gemeinden, brachte. Neben den positiven Aspekten der Leitplanungsprozesse ergab die Analyse auch Verbesserungspotenzial, welches in Form von Handlungsvorschlägen aufgegriffen wird. Diese Empfehlungen können dazu beitragen, das Instrument der Regionalen Leitplanung fortzuführen und weiterzuentwickeln. Den Abschluss der Arbeit bilden Gedanken und Visionen einer Neuaufstellung der Stadt-Umland-Kooperation in der Stadtregion Wien. Der Autor erachtet es als unbedingt notwendig, insbesondere in Stadtregionen interkommunale Kooperationen und regionales Denken zu fördern.The agglomeration area of the city of Vienna is growing and the administrative borders are losing their significance. The inhabitants of such an agglomeration or metropolitan area consider themselves as a part of the metropolitan area and not only their specific area. While the people are living a “metropolitan life”, the political and administrative levels do not reflect this trend. This can be observed particularly in the transition area between the city and the surrounding municipalities. In order to combat the problems brought about by this development, the planning instrument “Regionale Leitplanung” (English: “regionally based lead planning”) was developed and carried out in the metropolitan area of Vienna. The co-operation between different political and administrative levels is a key element of this instrument. The very first “Regionale Leitplanung” was implemented in the northern area of the metropolitan Vienna and the second in the south in the Lower Austrian district of Mödling. The first section of this thesis contains an in-depth observation of the theoretical basis of co-operations between cities and their surrounding municipalities and agglomeration areas in general. Depending on the country and culture, there are different levels of such co-operations, as well as different methods used to define the agglomeration areas. Since the focus of this thesis is on the metropolitan area of Vienna, some statistical data is shown to create an overview. This section is followed by the introduction of the most important existing co-operations in the Viennese metropolitan area. The main focus of this thesis is an analysis of the two completed processes. The basis of this analysis was achieved through interviews with representatives of the administration, experts and politicians. The goals of the analysis were to determine the achievements of these processes and the added value for the regions, to detect problems before, throughout and in the concluding implementation phases of the processes. Furthermore, the results of the analysis helped to estimate the qualification of this instrument for co-operations between cities and their surrounding municipalities. It can be concluded, that the processes were successful, as they helped to convey a consciousness of regional thinking and also induced further co-operations, processes and concepts in the regions. In the “Regionale Leitplanung” in the north of Vienna, the process was used to discuss and co-ordinate the contents of the legally binding regional spatial plan (“Regionales Raumordnungsprogramm”) which had to be renewed. All actors benefitted from this method, as the municipalities were given the chance to discuss and question every detail, and the national government was more efficient in the actual reviewing work later on. Nevertheless, there is potential for improvement in future implementations. This potential is expressed in proposed actions, which can contribute to the continuing and further development of this instrument. The thesis is concluded with ideas and visions of how co-operations between the city and its surrounding municipalities in the metropolitan area of Vienna could be rearranged to be more effective. The author is convinced that it is absolutely necessary to encourage inter-communal co-operations and regional thinking in agglomeration areas of growing cities for successful urban development
Agricultural extension - generic challenges and the ingredients for solutions
No full textIs agricultural extension in developing countries up to the task of providing the information, ideas, and organization needed to meet food needs? What role should governments play in implementing or facilitating extension services? Roughly 80 percent of the world's extension is publicly funded and delivered by civil servants, providing a range of services to the farming population, commercial producers, and disadvantaged target groups. Budgetary constraints and concerns about performance create pressure to show the payoff on investment in extension and to explore alternatives to publicly providing it. The authors analyze the challenges facing policymakers who must decide what role governments should play in implementing or facilitating extension services. Focusing on developing country experience, they identify generic challenges that make it difficult to organize extension: a) The magnitude of the task. b) Dependence on wider policy and other agency functions. c) Problems in identifying the cause and effect needed to enable accountability and to get political support and funding. d) Liability for public service functions beyond the transfer of agricultural knowledge and information. e) Fiscal sustainability. f) Inadequate interaction with knowledge generators. The authors show how various extension approaches were developed in attempts to overcome the challenges of extension: 1) Improving extension management. 2) Decentralizing. 3) Focusing on single commodities. 4) Providing free-for-service public extension services. 5) Establishing institutional pluralism. 6) Empowering people by using participatory approaches. 7) Using appropriate media. Each of the approaches has weaknesses and strengths, and in their analysis the authors identify the ingredients that show promise. Rural people know when something is relevant and effective. The aspects of agricultural extension services that tend to be inherently low cost and build reciprocal, mutually trusting relationships are those most likely to produce commitment, accountability, political support, fiscal sustainability, and the kinds of effective interaction that generate knowledge.ICT Policy and Strategies,Decentralization,Enterprise Development&Reform,Agricultural Knowledge&Information Systems,Agricultural Research,Environmental Economics&Policies,Health Monitoring&Evaluation,Agricultural Knowledge&Information Systems,ICT Policy and Strategies,Agricultural Research
Bank privatization in Argentina : a model of political constraints and differential outcomes
No full textBased on results from country case studies, many researchers have claimed that political constraints affect bank privatization transactions, which in turn affect the post-privatization performance of the banking sector. But no study has either econometrically tested how political constraints affect bank privatization transactions or theretically modeled the privatization transaction. The authors present a simple theoretical framework that models the inherent tradeoffs faced by governments and potential buyers in privatization transactions involving banks. The potential buyer is concerned about the probability that the bank will remain solvent, about the profits it will earn after privatization, and about the price paid for the assets and liabilities. The government is concerned about the price received for the assets, about layoffs, and about service coverage after privatization. The evidence from bank privatization transactions in Argentina in the 1990s supports several of their theoretical predictions. In particular, provinces with highfiscal deficits were willing to accept layoffs and to guarantee a larger part of the privatized banks'portfolio in return for a higher price. The tequila crisis (Mexico's economic crisis in 1994-95) meant that politicians could protect fewer jobs and had to assume a greater share of their public banks'assets. Evidence of better performance at banks privatized after Mexico's crisis suggests that, by tying politicians'hands, the crisis may have brought unforeseen benefits. This conjecture awaits further empirical validation, but the authors hope that by explicitly incorporating the incentives politicians face, analysis can begin to address the question of why some privatizations succeed more than others.Economic Theory&Research,International Terrorism&Counterterrorism,Banks&Banking Reform,Municipal Financial Management,Financial Crisis Management&Restructuring,Banks&Banking Reform,Municipal Financial Management,Economic Theory&Research,Financial Crisis Management&Restructuring,International Terrorism&Counterterrorism
Static aeroelastic stiffness optimization of a forward swept composite wing with CFD-corrected aero loads
No full textThis paper presents an aero load correction strategy applicable to the static aeroelastic optimization of composite wings. The optimization framework consists of a successive convex subproblem iteration procedure, in which a gradient-based optimizer consecutively solves a local approximation problem. Responses are approximated as a linear and/or reciprocal function of the laminate membrane and bending stiffness matrices. Together with the laminate thicknesses h, they constitute the design variables in the optimization process. Internally, the design space is transformed from stiffness matrices to lamination parameters, resulting in a continuous and convex optimization problem. Structural responses considered in the stiffness optimization are strength, local buckling and mass; aileron effectiveness, divergence, and twist constitute the aeroelastic responses. Steady aeroelastic loads are calculated with a doublet lattice method (DLM) embedded in the applied finite element solver, allowing for the generation of response sensitivities that incorporate the effects of displacement-dependent aeroelastic loads. To incorporate flow phenomena that cannot be reproduced with DLM, a higher order aerodynamic method is considered. The developed correction methods and their application are presented in this paper. The correction is twofold, first, aiming at a correction of DLM by means of camber and twist modifications applied directly to the doublet lattice mesh and second, by employing the capabilities of a higher order computational fluid dynamics (CFD) solver, like the DLR-based TAU code. To this end, DLM loads transferred to the structure are rectified by means of the supposedly superior CFD results. The aero load correction method is applied in the stiffness optimization of a forward swept wing. First, a trim application without structural optimization is discussed, to demonstrate the convergence behavior of the correction forces. The results of a wing skin mass minimization with balanced and unbalanced laminates are presented. In particular, the differences between optimizations with and without aero correction are highlighted. Eventually, a stacking sequence optimization based on the continuous optimization results is demonstrated.Aerospace Structures & Computational Mechanic
Benefits of Ticagrelor Plus Aspirin According to Diabetes-Related Factors
No full textInternational audienc
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