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Rozwiązywanie problemów dotyczących praktykowania religii i zwyczajów muzułmańskich w Niemczech – wybrane regulacje prawne i orzecznictwo
Full text linkThe article presents how German lawmakers at a federal and provincial (Lander) level, as well as German courts, take a stand on the practice of Muslim religion in public. The author evaluates how wearing a headscarf at public schools and offices, teaching Muslim religion and circumcision of young boys have recently been approved. On the other hand, the author explains why there is no possibility to register Muslim religion in the birth certificate or to excuse Muslim girls from coeducational swimming lessons. Generally speaking, the author demonstrates that German authorities strive to increase tolerance towards Muslim religion and tradition.Artykuł ukazuje, w jaki sposób niemieccy ustawodawcy na poziomie federalnym i krajowym, a także sądy niemieckie odnoszą się do praktykowania islamu w przestrzeni publicznej. Autorka analizuje sytuacje, w których w ostatnim czasie zezwolono na noszenie chust muzułmańskich w szkołach i urzędach, nauczanie religii muzułmańskiej w szkołach niektórych landów, a także na obrzezanie chłopców. Wskazuje jednak, z jakich powodów nie ma w Niemczech możliwości wpisu wyznania w akcie urodzenia, a także zwalniania dziewcząt z udziału w koedukacyjnych zajęciach wychowania fizycznego. Autorka udowadnia, że działania władz niemieckich zmierzają, generalnie rzecz ujmując, do zwiększenia tolerancji wobec muzułmańskich zwyczajów i religii
On the Fight against Beggary and Vagrancy within the Second Republic of Poland (1918–1939). A legal and historical study
No full textThe subject of this article is the legal issues related to combating beggary and vagrancy in Poland during the interwar period. The author presents and compares the Russian, Prussian (and later German), and Austrian criminal rules which were in force in Poland in the 19th and early 20th centuries. She clarifies how the partitioning states ordered beggars and vagrants to be punished on Polish land. The author explains that many representatives of the Polish legal doctrine and legal practice expressed the view that these ‘dregs of society’ suffer from psychophysical degeneration. She analyses when and how the issue of begging and vagrancy came to be of interest to the legislature in the Second Polish Republic. The author assesses the anti-begging rules issued in interwar Poland as quite strict and repressive. She presents not only legal provisions and doctrinal views, but also statistical data from 1924–33.Przedmiotem artykułu są zagadnienia prawne związane ze zwalczaniem żebractwa i włóczęgostwa w Polsce międzywojennej. Autorka przedstawia i porównuje przepisy prawa karnego rosyjskiego, pruskiego (a potem niemieckiego) i austriackiego, które obowiązywały na ziemiach polskich w XIX i na początku XX w. Ocenia, w jaki sposób państwa zaborcze polecały karać żebraków i włóczęgów na ziemiach polskich. Autorka wyjaśnia, że wielu przedstawicieli polskiej doktryny prawa oraz praktyki prawnej wyrażało pogląd, że omawiana kategoria ludzi z marginesu społecznego cierpi na degenerację psychofizyczną. Autorka analizuje także, kiedy i w jaki sposób zagadnienie żebractwa i włóczęgostwa stało się przedmiotem działalności ustawodawcy II Rzeczypospolitej. Oprócz przepisów prawnych i poglądów doktryny autorka prezentuje dane statystyczne z lat 1924–1933
Być wolnym i odpowiedzialnym – od indeterminizmu do determinizmu w rozwoju myśli filozoficznej
Full text linkThe issue of human free will is relevant to many fields of science. Philosophers have been describing it for more than two and a half thousand years – some proclaim the belief that human free will exists (indeterminism), while others state that it is only an illusion (determinism). From antiquity onwards, there is also no shortage of philosophers admitting that human being has free will, even if he takes action under the influence of many stimuli, which are partially uncontrolled (soft determinism). The subject of the article is a synthetic analysis of selected philosophical concepts referring to human free will from ancient, medieval and modern times up to the beginning of the 20th century. The author intends to prove the thesis that the development of philosophical concepts has primarily moved over the centuries from indeterminism to determinism. Simultaneously, the author points out the influence of philosophical concepts on the justification of human legal responsibility and calls for further research in this area.Zagadnienie wolnej woli człowieka jest istotne dla wielu dziedzin nauki. Filozofowie opisują je od ponad dwóch i pół tysiąca lat – jedni głoszą przekonanie o istnieniu wolnej woli człowieka (indeterminizm), inni zaś twierdzą, że jest ona tylko złudzeniem (determinizm). Począwszy od starożytności, nie brakuje też filozofów przyznających, że człowiek ma wolną wolę, nawet jeżeli podejmuje działania pod wpływem wielu bodźców, częściowo niekontrolowanych (łagodny determinizm). Przedmiotem artykułu jest syntetyczna analiza wybranych koncepcji filozoficznych odnoszących się do wolnej woli człowieka, pochodzących z czasów starożytnych, średniowiecznych i nowożytnych aż do początku XX w. Autorka dowodzi tezy, że rozwój koncepcji filozoficznych szedł na przestrzeni wieków zasadniczo od indeterminizmu do determinizmu. Jednocześnie wskazuje na wpływ koncepcji filozoficznych na uzasadnienie odpowiedzialności prawnej człowieka oraz postuluje dalsze badania w tym zakresie
Wkład polskich historyków prawa w badania nad prawem magdeburskim w XX w. (1945–2010)
Full text linkThe author presents the studies of the legal historians on the role, development and signifi cance of Magdeburg law that began in the Polish territories during the nineteenth century and fl ourished in the interwar period, and – on a larger scale – after World War II. Polish historians' studies were focused on the analysis of sources of Magdeburg law and its local variations. The result was the publication of numerous sources of Magdeburg law, also in Polish translations and with historical comments. The largest contribution to the editing of sources brought professors: K. Koranyi, L. Łysiak, W. Maisel, Z. Rymaszewski and Z. Zdrojkowski. Numerous legal historians have taken detailed study of source texts, which resulted with the interesting elaborations on the social and economic role Wkład polskich historyków prawa w badania nad prawem magdeburskim… 75 of the Magdeburg law and its legal structures: the organization of justice administration, due process, criminal law and private law. The most important descriptions of legal institutions, derived from the system of Magdeburg, was made by professors J. Matuszewski, W. Maisel, Z. Rymaszewski, J. Sondel. In recent years a younger generation of legal historians has taken a new study, especially in the law of Chelm (Chełmno), which was the most common variant of the Magdeburg law in Polish lands
Materialne dziedzictwo prawne i jego wykorzystanie w edukacji prawniczej. Walory wykładu z polskiej archeologii prawnej
No full textLegal archaeology is a relatively young scientific field. Its subject of research concerns objects which once fulfilled specific functions in everyday legal life of the society. Legal archaeology has been the subject of lectures at Polish universities for many decades. The author attempted to define the scope of teaching this subject, taking into account the experience of different historians of law who conduct such lectures. The author analyzed selected conceptions of teaching legal archaeology. As a result, she indicated which old buildings, devices, tools, and other items, including official uniforms, insignia, and attributes of public authority, are best suited to the presentation of old places and methods of lawmaking and law enforcement. She concluded that lectures on legal archaeology serve to broaden the general humanistic and social knowledge of students, as well as shape their civic and patriotic behaviors.
Hube – Makarewicz – Wolter: Three Conceptions of Punishment in the Course of a Century
Full text linkThe article presents the views of three prominent thinkers regarding criminal punishment: Romuald Hube (1803–1890), the father of Polish criminal law, Juliusz Makarewicz (1872–1955), the most distinguished interwar Polish lawyer, and Władysław Wolter (1897–1986), the founder of the Krakow school of criminal law. A presentation of the ideas on punishment developed by these masters of Polish jurisprudence provides an overview of the evolution of criminal law and political-criminal thought in Polish lands over the course of a century. Citing selected fragments from the works of the three professors, the Author examines how they interpreted punishment, what they believed its role to be, and what theories of punishment they put forward; moreover, which specific sanctions they supported. The article also assesses the language and discursive style of these leading lights of Polish legal science. Romuald Hube represented the classic school of criminal law. He published his Ogólne zasady nauki prawa karnego (General principles of the study of criminal law), a rudimentary, systematic interpretation of criminal law, at the age of 27. He was one of the first scholars in Europe to promote a mixed theory of punishment, inspired by Hegelianism and combining the idea of retribution with the preventive aims of punishment. Juliusz Makarewicz was a representative of modernism, the leader of the sociological school of criminal law, and the father of the first penal code in independent Poland. He made his reputation in 1906 with the publication of a work on the philosophy of criminal law. He published a broad range of dogmatic and historical studies, textbooks and a commentary on the 1932 Polish penal code. Makarewicz proposed an absolute justification of punishment, yet he saw retribution as ultimately preventive, nolens volens developing a mixed theory of punishment oriented towards specific prevention. Władysław Wolter was a student of the last eminent exponent of the classic school in Poland, Edmund Krzymuski (1851–1928), and at the same time a representative of normativism. He dealt mainly with general issues in criminal law, particularly criminal science. After the introduction of Makarewicz’s penal code, he immediately published his first textbook. He continued his academic career after the war all the way into the 1970s. Wolter adopted a modernist position within penal science and indicated the need for purposive punishment within the bounds of justice; he was therefore also a supporter of a mixed theory of punishment. Although all of the named professors promoted or embraced a mixed theory of punishment, their approach to the penal system differed to some extent. Hube gave priority to imprisonment, which he strongly believed to be important and effective. Makarewicz questioned the effectiveness of imprisonment and proposed a broad array of protective and probation measures, in addition to non-prison punishments. Like Wolter, he espoused the idea of two-track penal repression, i.e. a system of penalties and protective measures in response to criminal offenses. None of the named scholars rejected capital punishment outright, although all of them distanced themselves from it and hoped that it would be abolished in the future. Hube saw death as an exceptional, rarely used sanction. Makarewicz still foresaw no possibility of removing it from the catalogue of punishments due to the needs of criminal policy – he saw capital punishment as a deterrent, thus a general preventive measure. Wolter denied that it had any such impact, arguing that capital punishment did not deter offenders and was only a protective measure. As for monetary fines, Hube believed them to be appropriate only in the case of petty crimes, although he rejected confiscation of property as a sanction that affected the convict’s family. Makarewicz accepted fines, although he pointed to their limited impact and inequality. Wolter wrote in a similar vein, expressing an ambivalent attitude toward this legal sanction, revealing the inequality of its burden given convicts’ differing material status and recommending different legal solutions when it came to this type of punishment. The excerpts from the works of the great masters of Polish criminal science cited by the Author also allow us to see how the language and style of criminal science has changed. Hube was the father of Polish legal language. His analyses were mainly conducted in a philosophical and historical vein. Makarewicz employed a rhetorical style, often emotional, making legal comparisons. Wolter perfected his arguments, often highly abstract, relying mainly on logic and dogmatics. All three scholars were quite familiar with European legal theory and drew on its achievement
O postępie badań nad historią nowoczesnej polskiej nauki prawa karnego
Full text linkThe article presents and evaluates the state of research concerning the history of modern criminal law science in Poland. The author indicates that these studies have been conducted by legal historians and criminal law experts. Over the last 30 years, there appeared a number of historical and legal contributions to the biographies and works of distinguished Polish lawyers of the 19th and early 20th centuries. In addition, criminal lawyers published a monograph on the most eminent Polish scholar – Juliusz Makarewicz. They also contributed to re-edition of many works by Makarewicz.Niniejsze opracowanie przedstawia i ocenia stan badań nad historią nowoczesnej nauki prawa karnego w Polsce. Autorka wskazuje, że badania te prowadzą historycy prawa oraz specjaliści prawa karnego. W ciągu ostatnich 30 lat ukazał się szereg przyczynków historyczno-prawnych do biografii i twórczości wybitnych polskich prawników działających w XIX i na początku XX w. Ponadto karnicy wydali monografię o najwybitniejszym polskim uczonym – Juliuszu Makarewiczu, a także doprowadzili do reedycji jego wielu prac
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
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