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Caracteristicas nutricionais e efeito sobre lipidios sanguineos e hepaticos das proteinas de lactosoro e caseinato de sodio, comparados a caseina e proteina de soja, comerciais
No full textOrientador: Valdemiro Carlos SgarbieriDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de AlimentosResumo: O presente trabalho teve como objetivos: produzir um concentrado protéico de soro doce (CSD) utilizando-se ultrafiltração e diafiltração, e caseinato de sódio (CasNa); verificar o efeito das proteínas do lactosoro e do caseinato de sódio (CasNa), comparativamente ao isolado protéico de soja (IPS) e a caseína comercial (CC) nos níveis séricos e hepáticos de colesterol total e triacilgliceróis, bem como sobre as proteínas séricas totais. O CSD apresentou a seguinte composição, expressa em base seca: 83,84% de proteína, 4,48% de lipídios, 2,77% de cinzas, 8,88% de lactose, 96,37% de sólidos totais. A solubilidade foi 93,09% em tampão citrato-fosfato, pH 4,6. Para o CasNa obteve-se 76,88% de proteína; 1,66% de lipídios, 9,01% de cinzas, 19,91% de lactose, 93,85% de sólidos totais. A solubilidade em água, pH ajustado a 7, foi de 98,2%. Foram feitos dois ensaios biológicos com ratos Wistar normolipidêmicos, cada ensaio com os tratamentos CSD, IPS, CasNa e CC. Os animais receberam dieta e água "ad libitum". Todas as dietas foram isoprotéicas e isocalóricas com base nas recomendações de Reeves et ai., (1993), substituindo-se o óleo vegetal por 6% de gordura de coco e acrescentando-se 1 % de colesterol. No primeiro ensaio utilizou-se 20% de proteína para todas as dietas. Foram utilizados 106 animais recém-desmamados, sendo que 10 foram separados e sacrificados para obtenção dos valores de referência (TO) e os demais divididos em 4 grupos com 24 ratos cada. Nos tempos 15, 30, 45 e 60 dias, foram sacrificados 6 animais de cada grupo, efetuando-se análises para verificar o efeito das dietas, principalmente do CSD, na redução dos níveis séricos e hepáticos de colesterol total e triacilgliceróis. Notou-se um efeito positivo na redução dos níveis de colesterol do CSD e IPS, mais evidente para os níveis séricos do que para os hepáticos. Um segundo ensaio foi feito com 123 animais de 57 dias de idade, onde todas as dietas continham 30% de proteína. Quinze animais foram sacrificados para a obtenção dos valores de referência (TO) e os demais foram divididos em 4 grupos com 27 animais em cada grupo. Nos tempos 15, 30 e 45 dias os animais foram sacrificados e as análises foram feitas da mesma maneira que no primeiro ensaio. A hipocolesterolemia foi mais notada quanto aos níveis hepáticos, apresentando menores valores para o tratamento com CSD e com o IPS, respectivamente. Os resultados para triacilgliceróis não permitiram concluir sobre os efeitos dos tratamentos sobre a lipidemia, no soro sangüíneo e no fígado, tanto no primeiro quanto no segundo ensaiosAbstract: The present work had the following objectives: to produce whey protein concentrate (WPC) using ultrafiltration and infiltration, and sodium caseinate (CasNa); to verify the effect of milk whey protein on serum and liver total cholesterol and total blood serum protein, comparatively to soy bean protein isolate (SPI) and commercial casein (CC). The WPC presented the following composition (dry basis): protein 83.84%, total lipids 4.48%, ash 2.77%, lactose 8.88% and total solids 96.37%. Solubility in citrate-phosphate buffer, (pH 4.6) was 93.09%. For the sodium caseinate the composition was: protein 76.88%, total lipids 1.66%, ash 2.77%, lactose 8.88% and total solids 93.85%. The solubility in water, pH adjusted to.7.0, was 98.2%. Two biological assays with rats were performed with the treatments WPC, SPI, CasNa and CC. During the assays the animals received diet and water ad libitum. All the diets were isoproteic and isocaloric, based on recommendations of Reeves et aI., (1993), by 6% coconut replacing the oil plus 1% cholesterol. In the first assay, 20% protein was utilized in all diets. One hundred and six weaning fats were used, 10 rats were sacrificed at the beginning for reference (TO) and the remaining animals divided in 4 groups of 24 rats each. Six animals were sacrificed from each group after 15, 30, 45 and 60 days of experiment. Analysis were performed to verify the influence of the treatments on blood serum and liver levels of colesterol and triacylglyceroIs. A positive reduction of cholesterol was demonstrated for the rats fed WPC and SPI. Cholesterol reduction was more evident in the blood serum than in the liver. A second assay was performed using 123 animals with 57 days of age and all diets were prepared with 30% protein. Fifteen animals were sacrificed at the beginning for reference value, the remaining were divided in 4 groups of 27 rats per group. After 15, 30 and 45 days of experiment animals were sacrificed and analysis were performed in the blood serum and liver, as in the first assay. Hypocholesterolemia was noticed mainly in the liver, which presented lower values for the treatments with WPC and SPI. The results for triacylglicerols did not permit any conclusion as to the effect of the treatments on blood serum and liver lipidemia for both, the first and second assaysMestradoMestre em Ciência da Nutriçã
Nutritional and physiological functional properties of some food proteins
Get PDFOrientador: Valdemiro Carlos SgarbieriTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de AlimentosResumo: Com o propósito de melhor harmonizar os vários aspectos pesquisados, a tese está apresentada em quatro capítulos. No primeiro capítulo se fez um apanhado geral dos aspectos químicos, nutricionais e funcionais (tanto tecnológicos como os fisiológicos) das fontes protéicas estudadas no decorrer do trabalho e descritos na literatura. No segundo capítulo estudou-se o poder imunoestimulante de uma caseína comercial (CC), da caseína isolada na forma de micelas íntegras (CM), de um isolado de proteína de soja comercial (IPS), um concentrado de globulinas (BSG) e um concentrado de albumina (BSA), isolados do soro de sangue bovino, um isolado protéico de soro de leite bovino (NZ), importado da Nova Zelândia, um isolado de soro de leite bovino produzido em planta piloto, em Rennes (Ren), França, e um concentrado de proteínas de soro de leite bovino (CSD), produzido em planta piloto (Tecnolat), ITAL, Campinas. A imunoestimulação foi medida no baço pelo processo de contagem de células formadoras de placa (CFP) após imunização de camundongos da linhagem A/Uni, com 5 x 106 hemáceas de carneiro. A formação de placas (reação antígeno-anticorpo) foi medida por contagem de células formadoras de placa com auxílio de um microscópio de fase e de uma lupa. O número de CFP, que representa a intensidade da reação antígeno-anticorpo foi expresso para o órgão todo (CFP/baço x 10-3). Foram estudados neste capítulo o poder imunoestimulante sobre as células de baço das várias proteínas, as influências da concentração da proteína na dieta, a combinação do CSD com as outras preparações protéicas e a influência de diferentes tratamentos (processamentos) sobre a imunoestimulação. Concluiu-se que o concentrado de soro de leite bovino produzido no ITAL, Campinas, foi o que apresentou maior poder imunoestimulante e que a imunoestimulação, para esse preparado, manteve-se na faixa de concentração de 7,5 a 20g de proteína/100g de dieta. Todas as fontes de proteína estudadas quando associadas (misturadas) ao CSD na dieta, influíram negativamente no poder imunoestimulante do CSD, exceto a BSA. Tratamentos térmicos acima de 50°C, exceto a pasteurização (72°C, 15 seg.) e a irradiação acima de 3KG influíram negativamente sobre o poder imunoestimulatório do CSD. A desidratação do concentrado em ¿Spray dryer¿ não afetou significativamente o poder de imunoestimulação do CSD. No terceiro capítulo procurou-se estudar as influências da composição em aminoácidos dos materiais protéicos, CSD, caseína, hidrolisado enzimático da caseína e, conseqüentemente, do estado de estruturação dessas proteínas, no consumo de dieta, ganho de peso corporal, proteínas sanguíneas e estímulo à síntese de glutationa, no fígado. No quarto capítulo realizou-se uma avaliação nutricional e imunológica de quatro dietas de composição básica semelhante, variando-se apenas o componente protéico. As dietas estudadas foram, uma fórmula comercial tomada como referência (FC), uma dieta à base de caseína micelar (CM), outra à base de CSD e finalmente uma mistura 50:50 CSD/CM. Para a avaliação do estímulo imunológico utilizaram-se camundongos da linhagem A/Uni com 6-8 semanas de idade e a técnica de imunoestimulação com injeção de hemáceas de carneiro (5 x 106 células), seguido da determinação do número de células formadoras de placa (CFP), contadas em suspensão de células de baço de animais, cinco dias após imunização. As CFP representam reações antígenoanticorpo, anticorpos que representam a imunoglobulina M (IgM), reação imune primária em resposta ao imunógeno das hemáceas de carneiro. Os resultados da imunoestimulação foram mais baixos para a dieta CM, mais elevados para as dietas CSD e FC e intermediários para CM/CSD (50:50). Estatisticamente não houve diferença entre as dietas CSD e FC nem entre CSD/CM e FC (p > 0,05), porém houve diferença estatística em favor da dieta CSD em relação à CM e CSD/CM (p 0,05). Tomados no todo, os resultados confirmam que, elevados valores nutricionais podem não representar elevadas propriedades funcionais-fisiológicas, avaliados nesta pesquisa como poder imunomodulador e estímulo à síntese de glutationaAbstract: With the purpose of better harmonize the various aspects studied in this thesis, it was organized in four chapters. The first chapter consisted of an overview of the chemical nutritional and functional (technologic and physiologic) properties of the protein sources studied in this thesis, utilizing data from recent literature. The main objective of the second chapter was to comparatively demonstrate the immunestimulating power of various protein systems of food origen, including: a commercial casein preparation (CC), a casein isolated in pilot plant in the form of whole micelles (CM), a commercial soy protein isolate (SPI), a bovine serum albumin (BSA) and a bovine serum globulin (BSG) isolated in laboratory from bovine serum, a bovine whey protein isolate (NZ) imported from New Zealand, a bovine whey protein isolate produced in Pilot plant in Rennes (Ren), Rennes France, a bovine whey protein concentrate (WPC) produced in Pilot Plant, ITAL, Campinas. The immunestimulation was measured in spleen cells by counting Plaque Forming Cells (PFC) using A/Uni mice after immunization with sheep red blood cells (SRBC = 5 x 106 cells). The Plaque (antigen-antibody reaction) was quantified in spleen cell suspensions by using a phase microscope and a lup. The number of plaque forming cells (PFC) was considered for the whole spleen and expressed as (PFC/spleen x 10-3). The immunestimulating power on the spleen cells was studied for various protein sources. The influence of dietary protein concentration, the combination of WPC with other protein preparations and the influence of various treatments on the protein was also studied. It was conclude that the whey protein concentrate produced in ITAL (WPC) presented the highest immunestimulating power, that the immunestimulation for this preparation remained constant in the range of concentration 7.5 to 20g protein/100g diet, that all the protein sources studied, when mixed with WPC in the diet, showed a negative influence on the immunestimulating power of WPC alone. Heat treatment (>50°C), except pasteurization (72°C, 15 seg), and gamma-irradiation above 3KG, had a negative influence on the immunestimulation by WPC. The dehydration of the WPC by spray drying did not significantly affect the immunestimulation by WPC. The third chapter aimed at studying the influence of amino acid composition (WPC, CC, and CC-hidrolysates) and, consequently of the structural state of the casein molecules, in the diet consumption, body weight gain, blood protein profile, and on liver glutathione synthesis stimulation. The fourth chapter consists of the nutritional and immunological evaluation of four protein diets (CF, WPC, WPC:CM (50:50) and CM alone) in an otherwise similar composition. For the immunological property, A/Uni mice with 6-8 weeks of age, immunestimulated with sheep red blood cells (SRBC), 5 x 106 cells, following determination of the number of plaque forming cells (PFC) 5 days after immunization was used. PFC number indicates the antigen-antibody reaction between the SRBC-antigen and immunoglobulin M formed by the spleen cells. PFC was lowest for CM protein diet, highest for the WPC and CF diets and intermediate for CM/WPC (50:50) diet. No statistic difference was measured between WPC and CF or between WPC/CM and CF (p > 0.05), however there was statistic difference (p 0.05). Considering all data this work confirm that protein nutritive value may not represent high functional properties, in this research applied to the immunestimulation and GSH biosynthesisDoutoradoNutrição Experimental e Aplicada à Tecnologia de AlimentosDoutor em Alimentos e Nutriçã
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
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