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Dynamic intercellular communications within pancreatic islets analyzed by multi-electrode arrays : physiological roles and biotechnological applications in diabetology
No full textLes îlots pancréatiques sont le principal capteur de glycémie et intègrent toutes les informations métaboliques et hormonales pour adapter en temps réel la sécrétion des hormones, telles que l'insuline par les cellules β majoritaires et le glucagon par les cellules α. Dans le diabète de type 1 (DT1) les cellules β sont détruites par réaction auto-immune et dans le DT2 la masse de cellules β, la fonction et le réseau intra-îlot sont altérés. La réactivité de ces micro-organes est due à leurs propriétés électriques, encodant rapidement l’information, et aux communications entre cellules β/β et β/non-β. Cependant des outils non-invasifs à haute résolution et long terme pour les analyser manquent. L’électrophysiologie extracellulaire par multi-electrode arrays (MEAs) le permet en mesurant des signaux cellulaires mais aussi multicellulaires (SPs) dus aux couplages entre cellules β. J’ai donc utilisé les MEAs (i) pour explorer la physiologie/physiopathologie des îlots et (ii) pour des applications en diabétologie. J’ai montré que la cinétique biphasique de la sécrétion d’insuline était encodée par les SPs avec des changements dynamiques de couplages entre cellules β. Une hormone intestinale importante (GLP-1) augmente la 2de phase alors que des conditions diabétiques (glucotoxicité) réduisent la 1re. La réponse aux nutriments requiert de plus la coopération avec les cellules α, car leur suppression (modèle inductible GluDTR) réduit l’activité basale et la 2de phase des cellules β en présence d’un mélange physiologique d’acides aminés. J’ai également caractérisé électrophysiologiquement les cellules β humaines dérivées de cellules souches pluripotentes induites (iPSC), déterminé leurs couplages, établi leur contrôle qualité et démontré l’impact fonctionnel d’une mutation d’intérêt (ZnT8) éditée par CRISPR/Cas9. Un contrôle qualité fonctionnel des îlots humains avant greffe chez des patients DT1 a également été réalisé et comparé aux résultats cliniques. Enfin, mes enregistrements de SPs analysées par microélectronique en temps réel ont permis de valider un modèle in silico de biocapteur dans un simulateur de référence de patients DT1. En conclusion, mes travaux montrent (i) l’importance des communications intra-îlots dans leur adaptation physiologique dynamique, (ii) et que l’exploitation des SPs ouvre des applications allant du pancréas artificiel à la thérapie cellulaire personnalisée.Pancreatic islets are the main sensor of glycaemia and they integrate all the metabolic and hormonal inputs to adapt in real time the secretion of hormones such as insulin by β cells and glucagon by α cells. In type 1 diabetes (T1D) β cells are destroyed by immune attack, and in T2D, β cell mass, function and the intra-islet network are altered. The islet micro-organs are highly reactive due to their electrical properties encoding rapid information and due to intercellular communications between β cells and β/non-β cells. Nevertheless, non-invasive, high resolution and long-term approaches for analysis are still lacking. Extracellular electrophysiology with multi-electrode arrays (MEAs) allows this analysis of islets by measuring both cellular as well as multicellular signals (SPs) due to β cell coupling. During my PhD, I used MEAs (i) to explore islet physiology/pathophysiology and (ii) for biotechnological applications in diabetology. I have shown that biphasic kinetics of insulin secretion are encoded by SPs through dynamic changes in β cell coupling. An important intestinal hormone (GLP-1) increases the 2nd phase of β-cell activity while diabetic conditions (glucotoxicity) reduce the 1st phase. Islet responses to nutrients also require α/β cell cooperation since α cell ablation in the inducible GluDTR mice model reduced both the basal and 2nd phase of β cell activity generated by glucose and a physiological mix of amino acids. I have also performed the electrophysiological characterization of human β cells derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC), determined their coupling, established their quality control and shown the functional impact of a mutation of interest (ZnT8) edited by CRISPR/Cas9. A functional quality control of human islets prior to transplantation in T1D patients was also performed for correlations with clinical data. Finally, my SP recordings analyzed in real time by microelectronics has contributed to validate an in silico model of biosensor in a FDA-approved simulator of T1D patients. In conclusion, my work demonstrates (i) the role of intra-islet communications in the dynamic physiological adaptation of these micro-organs, (ii) and that detailed characterization of SPs opens new applications from artificial pancreas to personalized cell therapy
Communications intercellulaires dynamiques au sein des îlots pancréatiques analysées par multi-electrode arrays : rôles physiologiques et applications biotechnologiques en diabétologie
No full textPancreatic islets are the main sensor of glycaemia and they integrate all the metabolic and hormonal inputs to adapt in real time the secretion of hormones such as insulin by β cells and glucagon by α cells. In type 1 diabetes (T1D) β cells are destroyed by immune attack, and in T2D, β cell mass, function and the intra-islet network are altered. The islet micro-organs are highly reactive due to their electrical properties encoding rapid information and due to intercellular communications between β cells and β/non-β cells. Nevertheless, non-invasive, high resolution and long-term approaches for analysis are still lacking. Extracellular electrophysiology with multi-electrode arrays (MEAs) allows this analysis of islets by measuring both cellular as well as multicellular signals (SPs) due to β cell coupling. During my PhD, I used MEAs (i) to explore islet physiology/pathophysiology and (ii) for biotechnological applications in diabetology. I have shown that biphasic kinetics of insulin secretion are encoded by SPs through dynamic changes in β cell coupling. An important intestinal hormone (GLP-1) increases the 2nd phase of β-cell activity while diabetic conditions (glucotoxicity) reduce the 1st phase. Islet responses to nutrients also require α/β cell cooperation since α cell ablation in the inducible GluDTR mice model reduced both the basal and 2nd phase of β cell activity generated by glucose and a physiological mix of amino acids. I have also performed the electrophysiological characterization of human β cells derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC), determined their coupling, established their quality control and shown the functional impact of a mutation of interest (ZnT8) edited by CRISPR/Cas9. A functional quality control of human islets prior to transplantation in T1D patients was also performed for correlations with clinical data. Finally, my SP recordings analyzed in real time by microelectronics has contributed to validate an in silico model of biosensor in a FDA-approved simulator of T1D patients. In conclusion, my work demonstrates (i) the role of intra-islet communications in the dynamic physiological adaptation of these micro-organs, (ii) and that detailed characterization of SPs opens new applications from artificial pancreas to personalized cell therapy.Les îlots pancréatiques sont le principal capteur de glycémie et intègrent toutes les informations métaboliques et hormonales pour adapter en temps réel la sécrétion des hormones, telles que l'insuline par les cellules β majoritaires et le glucagon par les cellules α. Dans le diabète de type 1 (DT1) les cellules β sont détruites par réaction auto-immune et dans le DT2 la masse de cellules β, la fonction et le réseau intra-îlot sont altérés. La réactivité de ces micro-organes est due à leurs propriétés électriques, encodant rapidement l’information, et aux communications entre cellules β/β et β/non-β. Cependant des outils non-invasifs à haute résolution et long terme pour les analyser manquent. L’électrophysiologie extracellulaire par multi-electrode arrays (MEAs) le permet en mesurant des signaux cellulaires mais aussi multicellulaires (SPs) dus aux couplages entre cellules β. J’ai donc utilisé les MEAs (i) pour explorer la physiologie/physiopathologie des îlots et (ii) pour des applications en diabétologie. J’ai montré que la cinétique biphasique de la sécrétion d’insuline était encodée par les SPs avec des changements dynamiques de couplages entre cellules β. Une hormone intestinale importante (GLP-1) augmente la 2de phase alors que des conditions diabétiques (glucotoxicité) réduisent la 1re. La réponse aux nutriments requiert de plus la coopération avec les cellules α, car leur suppression (modèle inductible GluDTR) réduit l’activité basale et la 2de phase des cellules β en présence d’un mélange physiologique d’acides aminés. J’ai également caractérisé électrophysiologiquement les cellules β humaines dérivées de cellules souches pluripotentes induites (iPSC), déterminé leurs couplages, établi leur contrôle qualité et démontré l’impact fonctionnel d’une mutation d’intérêt (ZnT8) éditée par CRISPR/Cas9. Un contrôle qualité fonctionnel des îlots humains avant greffe chez des patients DT1 a également été réalisé et comparé aux résultats cliniques. Enfin, mes enregistrements de SPs analysées par microélectronique en temps réel ont permis de valider un modèle in silico de biocapteur dans un simulateur de référence de patients DT1. En conclusion, mes travaux montrent (i) l’importance des communications intra-îlots dans leur adaptation physiologique dynamique, (ii) et que l’exploitation des SPs ouvre des applications allant du pancréas artificiel à la thérapie cellulaire personnalisée
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
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