262 research outputs found
On the mechanism of the interaction between oxygen and close-packed single-crystal aluminum surfaces
No full textOn the mechanism of the interaction between oxygen and close-packed single-crystal aluminum surfaces
No full textNew Stationary Frame Control Scheme for Three Phase PWM Rectifiers Under Unbalanced Voltage Dips Conditions
No full textA new stationary frame control scheme for three-phase pulsewidth-modulation (PWM) rectifiers operating under unbalanced voltage dips conditions is proposed in this paper. The proposed control scheme regulates the instantaneous active power at the converter poles to minimize the harmonics of the input currents and the output voltage ripple. This paper's novelty is the development of a new current-reference generator implemented directly in stationary reference frame. This allows using proportional sinusoidal signal integrator (P-SSI) controllers for simultaneous compensation of both positive and negative current sequence components. No phase-locked loop (PLL) strategies and coordinate transformations are needed for the proposed current-reference generator. Experimental results are presented for a 20-kV A alternative current (ac)/direct current (dc) converter prototype to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme. A comparison with two other existing control techniques is also performed. Fast dynamic performance with small dc-link voltage ripple and input sinusoidal currents are obtained with this control scheme, even under severe voltage dips operating condition
Conversores Push-Pull PWM CC-CC trifásicos alimentados em corrente
No full textTese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Tecnológico, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Elétrica, Florianópolis, 2010In this thesis, a three-phase current-fed Push-Pull DC-DC converter and its version with active clamping and soft-switching are proposed. First, the topology with passive clamping is studied. When compared to single-phase topologies, this three-phase dc-dc converter increases the power density, uses the magnetic core of the transformer more efficiently, reduces the stresses on the switches and requires smaller filters since the input and output frequencies are three times higher than the switching frequency. To sum up, this topology uses three active switches connected to the same reference, which simplifies the gate drive circuitry. After this, the three-phase current-fed Push-Pull ZVS-PWM DC-DC converter with active clamping is proposed as an improvement to the first topology. In this converter, the active clamping technique is employed by connecting the primary side of the transformer to a three-phase full bridge of switches and a clamping capacitor. This circuit allows the energy from the leakage inductances to be reused, increasing the efficiency of the converter. If appropriate parameters are chosen, soft-switching of the switches (ZVS) can also be achieved. The soft-switching improves the efficiency even further, allows higher switching frequencies to be used and reduces the electromagnetic interference (EMI) significantly. Applications such as fuel cell systems, transportation and uninterruptable power supplies are some examples that can benefit from the advantages presented by this converter. The theoretical analysis, a design example and experimental results from a prototype implementing this topology are presented. The prototype was designed to process 4 kW at full load with an input voltage of 120 V, an output voltage of 400 V and a switching frequency of 40 kHz.Nesta tese, um conversor Push-Pull CC-CC trifásico alimentado em corrente e sua versão com grampeamento ativo e comutação suave são propostos. Primeiramente, a topologia com grampeamento passivo é estudada. Quando comparado com topologias monofásicas, este conversor CC-CC trifásico aumenta a densidade de potência, utiliza o núcleo magnético do transformador mais eficientemente, reduz os esforços nos interruptores e requer filtros menores já que estes são submetidos a uma freqüência igual a três vezes a freqüência de comutação. Além disso, esta topologia usa três interruptores ativos conectados à mesma referência, o que simplifica os circuitos de comando de gatilho. Depois disso, o conversor Push-Pull ZVS-PWM CC-CC trifásico alimentado em corrente com grampeamento ativo é proposto como um aprimoramento à primeira topologia. Neste conversor, a técnica de grampeamento ativo é empregada conectando o lado primário do transformador a uma ponte completa trifásica de interruptores e um capacitor de grampeamento. Este circuito permite que a energia armazenada nas indutâncias de dispersão seja reutilizada, aumentando o rendimento do conversor. Utilizando-se parâmetros adequados, a comutação suave dos interruptores (ZVS) pode também ser obtida. A comutação suave melhora o rendimento do conversor, permite o uso de freqüências de comutação maiores e reduz a interferência eletromagnética (EMI). Aplicações como sistemas de células a combustível, meios de transporte e fontes ininterruptas de energia são exemplos que podem se beneficiar das vantagens apresentadas por este conversor. São apresentados a análise teórica, um exemplo de projeto e resultados experimentais para um protótipo implementando essa topologia. O protótipo foi projetado para processar 4 kW em potência nominal com uma tensão de entrada de 120 V, uma tensão de saída de 400 V e uma freqüência de comutação de 40 kHz
Repetitive current control of two-level and interleaved three-phase PWM utility connected converters
No full textThis thesis is mainly concerned with investigations into digital repetitive current controlof two-level and interleaved utility connected PWM converters. The research ismotivated by the relatively poor performance of classical (PI) controllers when theutility voltage harmonic distortion is high. This is due to the low gain, and poordisturbance rejection of the PI controller at the utility harmonic frequencies. Repetitivefeedback controllers have the ability to track or reject periodic disturbances, such asutility harmonics, as they naturally have high gains at the utility voltage harmonicfrequencies, assuming that these frequencies do not change.Repetitive controllers (RC) are known for being sensitive to variations in systemparameters and disturbance frequency, which in practice renders them either ineffectiveor unstable. Another challenge arises from the memory requirements of RC in case ofthe absence of even harmonics, which can make its practical implementation difficultand expensive. In addition, another problem that has not been investigated extensivelyin the literature is that the effectiveness of RC is severely limited by the limitedbandwidth of the plant (the utility connected converter and its filter). Theoreticalanalysis and simulation results presented in this thesis show that RC could noteffectively reject disturbances at frequencies above the closed loop system bandwidth.The design of the converter's output filter bandwidth and the values of its componentsneed to be selected carefully, to enable RC to be used effectively.The research in this thesis focuses on investigating the practical implementation andperformance limits of two types of repetitive controllers (conventional and oddharmonics),used for current control of two-level utility connected converter with LCLoutput filter. The odd-harmonic repetitive controller halves the memory requirementand offers higher gains only at odd harmonic frequencies of interest. The overall controlscheme consists of the traditional classical tracking controller with a dual loop feedbacksystem and RC. The results indicate that the repetitive controller improves the steadystate error and the total harmonic distortion of the output current, provided that theplant's bandwidth is sufficiently large.Finally, a repetitive controller for an interleaved utility connected converter has beendesigned and investigated in this study. The interleaved converter system has higherbandwidth than the two-level converter, which improves the effectiveness of RC. Itprovides good disturbance rejection compared to classical controllers which results inlow output current THD. The RC was demonstrated to be robust despite uncertainty inutility impedance, while achieving a fast almost zero error convergence. The proposedRC has been experimentally implemented using a DSP and the results indicate that thequality of output current complies with international standards on harmonic limits andmatches simulation results obtained from the Matlab/Simulink model of the system
Conversor CC-CC trifásico ZVS PWM de três níveis
No full textTese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Tecnológico. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Elétrica.Esta tese propõe uma topologia de conversor CC-CC trifásico de três níveis, modulado por largura de pulso e com comutação suave. A análise estática dos sete modos de condução descontínua e dos seis modos de condução contínua é apresentada no decorrer do documento. A análise dinâmica do conversor voltada para a operação em condução contínua também é apresentada, fornecendo a função de transferência que relaciona a tensão de saída com a razão cíclica. A comutação dos doze interruptores comandados é investigada em detalhes, enfatizando-se a condução contínua, onde há a possibilidade de obtenção de comutação suave do tipo ZVS em todos os doze interruptores do conversor. Para a comprovação das análises apresentadas, realiza-se a simulação numérica e a experimentação através de um protótipo de 10 kW, 800 V de tensão de entrada, 200 V de tensão de saída e 40 kHz do conversor proposto.This thesis proposes a three-level three-phase pulse-width-modulated soft-switched DC-DC converter. The static analysis of seven discontinuous conduction modes and six continuous conduction modes is carried out. The dynamic analysis is also performed, providing the output voltage to duty cycle transfer function. The commutation of all converter switches is detailed, emphasizing the continuous conduction, where there is the possibility of achieving zero-voltage-switching for all the twelve converter switches. In order to validate the presented analyses, the computer aided simulation and experimental results from a prototype rated at 10 kW, 800 V input voltage, 200 V output voltage, and 40 kHz are performed
Transient voltage distribution along LV motor windings fed with PWM converters. Insulation ageing analysis
No full textIron Losses Prediction with PWM Supply Using Low and High Frequency Measurements: Analysis and Results Comparison
No full textIn this paper, two different methods for iron loss prediction are analyzed. The first method is based on the classical separation of loss contributions (hysteresis, eddy-current, and excess losses). The model requires loss contribution separation using iron loss measurements with sinusoidal supply. In this paper, this method will be called the ldquolow-frequency method.rdquo The second method, named the ldquohigh-frequency method,rdquo is based on the assumption that, under pulsewidth modulation supply, the higher order flux density harmonics do not influence the magnetic work conditions. These magnetic conditions depend only on the amplitude of the fundamental harmonic of the flux density. In this paper, both the proposed methodologies and the related measurements are described in detail, and the obtained results are compared with the experimental ones. The experimental results show that both methods allow getting excellent results. The high-frequency method is better than the lower one but requires a more complex test bench. Depending on the accuracy required by the user, the more handy method can be chosen, with the guarantee that the estimation errors will be lower than 5
Multiple sets of solutions for harmonic elimination PWM bipolar waveforms: Analysis and experimental verification
No full textMultiple sets of solutions for the selective harmonic elimination pulse-width modulation method for inverter control exist. These sets present an independent solution to the same problem but further investigation reveals that certain sets may offer an improved overall harmonic performance. In this paper, a minimization method is discussed as a way to obtain these multiple sets of switching angles. A simple distortion harmonic factor that takes into account the first two most significant harmonics present in the generated waveform is considered in order to evaluate the performance of each set. The bipolar waveform is thoroughly analyzed and two cases are considered; single-phase patterns which eliminate all odd harmonics and three-phase counterparts which eliminate only the nontriplen odd harmonics from the line-to-neutral pattern but such harmonics are naturally eliminated from the line-to-line waveform. Experimental results support the theoretical considerations reported in the paper
PWM-based Transthoracic Bioimpedance Analyzer for Detecting Heart Failures
No full textPatients that suffer from heart failure can benefit from wearable monitoring devices that continuouslymonitor the condition of the heart. One of the foremost symptoms of exacerbation of the heart is fluidcongestion in the lungs. One of the method to measure a change in biological tissue, such as thebuildup of fluids in the lungs and chest, is bioimpedance measurements. By injecting an alternatingcurrent into the tissue, a voltage develops across the tissue that is proportional to the impedance ofthe biological tissue, the bioimpedance. Conventional bioimpedance measurement techniques are notsuitable for continuous monitoring of the patients as they are power consuming and hinder patient intheir daily living.This thesis proposes an alternative approach that is based on a pulse width modulation (PWM) inorder to convert the measured analog signals to time signals. To determine the measured bioimpedance, the magnitude and phase should be derived. The proposed design employs one channel toconvert the measured voltage across the bioimpedance to a PWM signal. As this PWM signal contains the amplitude information of the measured voltage, the magnitude of the bioimpedance can bederived. Furthermore, a second reference channel is employed where a known resistive reference isconverted to another PWM signal. By comparing the two PWM signals, the phase of the bioimpedancecan be determined. The proposed system requires only a comparator and triangular wave in order toconvert the measured analog signals, compared to the complex implementation of the conventionallyused analogtodigital converter.In order to validate the design, the circuit is simulated and implemented on a printed circuit board (PCB). The PCB operates correctly on 3.3V and, additionally, an voltagecontrolled current sourceis implemented and connected externally to the PCB to provide an excitation current of 100μA and10kHz to the circuit. The circuit should be capable of measuring the voltage across a device under test(퐷푈푇) that consist of resistive and capacitive components. This is because the bioimpedance can bemodelled by the FrickeMorse model, which consist of a resistor in parallel with a capacitor and resistorin series. The implemented PCB can measure 퐷푈푇 magnitudes up to 1kΩ and is determine the phaseshift between the two PWM signals.This work shows an important contribution towards a wearable continuous bioimpedance measurements system to monitor patient that suffer from heart failure. It has been shown that the presenteddesign can measure the magnitude and phase that are required to determine the measured bioimpedance, and also reduce complexity of the measurements instrumentation
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