1,722,808 research outputs found
K. J. Carlson and D. Marchi (eds.). Reconstructing mobility: environmental, behavioral, and morphological determinants
Full text linkK. J. Carlson and D. Marchi (eds.). Reconstructing mobility: environmental, behavioral, and morphological determinants. New York: Springer Science. 2014. 295 páginas
A-1002: 134 West Main Street, Hyrum, Utah, Fred J. Carlson residence. Lot 1 Block 18 Plat A. Built 1914
No full textA-1002: 134 West Main Street, Hyrum, Utah, Fred J. Carlson residence. Lot 1 Block 18 Plat A. Built 191
Introduction: Towards Refining the Concept of Mobility
No full textBone has an ability to model and remodel itself such that its distribution and material properties reflect factors occurring during the lifetime of an individual. Known factors influencing bone properties range from nonmechanical (e.g., age, sex, diet, health, and hormones) to mechanical ones (e.g., activity level and patterns). A lifetime accumulation of these inputs, therefore, should be reflected in the structure of bone diaphyses at the death of an individual. Inferring the inputs of these factors from long bone diaphyses of long dead individuals, whether Holocene agriculturalists or hunter-gatherers, or earlier human ancestors, depends in part on modern analogues being used to help identify and isolate the contributions of these factors. This chapter is both an introduction to and a synthesis of the collaborative effort that is recounted within the volume, and that is aimed at understanding the impact of human mobility as one such input to diaphyseal form
Reconstructing Mobility: Environmental, Behavioral, and Morphological Determinants
No full textFor decades, scientists have relied on the concept of mobility in describing activity patterns of past and present human populations. Population-level comparisons have traditionally sought to demonstrate differential mobility (e.g., logistical or residential) amongst Pleistocene or Holocene Homo groups, using this as a basis for inferring convergent or contrasting adaptive behavior. For example, shifting from a hunter-gatherer to a more sedentary agricultural subsistence strategy generally has been associated with a relative decline in mobility associated with the latter. Substantial efforts have been devoted towards inferring which musculoskeletal adaptations best reflect such a potential shift in mobility. The central role of bipedalism in human locomotion predisposes lower limb musculoskeletal anatomy to feature prominently in these inferences, although it is important to note that expressions of mobility in other areas of the postcranium (e.g., the upper limb) are gaining traction in the field when studying select populations (e.g., coastal or island groups). It is problematic that often mobility is not defined a priori in precise enough terms to facilitate comparability of results across studies. Typically, some derivation of an ethnographic definition of mobility is adopted, whether explicitly recognized or not (e.g., populations with greater mobility travel farther than populations with lesser mobility). Usually, in applying the ethnographic definition, unstated motivations for travel focus on resource acquisition or intergroup relationships (e.g., trading). On the other hand, an excessively narrow application of the concept of mobility, such as a mechanically focused one, equally limits comparisons of results across studies. Not all studies would (nor should) integrate experimental approaches in order to quantify mobility. Resources necessary for the requisite acquisition of ground reaction force and kinematic data are not equally available to all researchers, and there are ethical and logistical constraints when studying human subjects. Rather, the optimal solution for defining mobility, or fully capturing its essence, should embrace a multidisciplinary approach in how the concept is applied. Despite such a long-standing and widespread reliance on the concept of mobility for reconstructing and comparing activity patterns and life histories of human populations, such an inclusive attempt at defining mobility has not yet been made. To address this notable absence, in the spring of 2011, we organized a symposium on mobility at the 80th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists held in Minneapolis, MN. The symposium assembled an array of experts using different approaches for quantifying and comparing the effects of mobility on postcranial musculoskeletal anatomy. The symposium and subsequent discussions were aimed at embracing current perspectives and stimulating new ones that emphasized a holistic view of the interaction among intrinsic (i.e., skeletal) and extrinsic (i.e., environmental) factors relevant for quantifying and studying the differential expression of mobility. Moreover, the symposium highlighted the importance of disentangling environmental effects some of which transcend traditional categorical groupings, such as coastal versus inland and/or mountainous versus flat terrain environments.
This volume emanates from the original symposium. It is not intended to be the final word on the concept of mobility, but we hope that it will serve as a suitable starting point from which new discussion and future work can begin (or continue), perhaps with a renewed focus on critical issues identified herein or to be expanded laterally. We also hope that this volume represents a useful advance by articulating a consensus working definition of mobility that can be widely applied in anthropological studies in order to overcome the lack of consistency in explicitly defining the concept of mobility that currently cripples the comparisons of results across studies.
There are a number of people we would like to thank, for this volume would not have materialized without the substantial efforts of many. First, we would like to acknowledge the original participants in the 2011 symposium, not all of whom were able to contribute chapters to the volume for one reason or another. The discussions that took place leading up to, during, and following the symposium helped shape this volume considerably. Thank you for your contributions in driving this effort forwards. We also would like to thank contributors to the volume who did not participate in the 2011 symposium for one reason or another. Your contributions to the collective effort have broadened its scope in new, exciting ways. Chapters were reviewed by a mix of fellow contributors, co-editors, and additional colleagues. We are indebted to everyone who assisted with reviewing the individual chapters. Thank you for your time and willingness to offer constructive suggestions. Finally, we would like to thank Janet Slobodien, Jacob Gallay, and others at Springer Press for encouraging the efforts that ultimately led to this volume. We are extremely grateful for this unwavering support throughout the entire process
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
- …
