52 research outputs found
A small molecule synthesizer
No full textDespite many advances over the last two centuries, small molecule synthesis remains a relatively complex, unsystematized, and time-intensive process practiced almost exclusively by highly trained specialists. Collectively, these limitations represent a major bottleneck in the efforts to study, understand, and harness the vast functional capacity of small molecules. In an effort to shift the rate-limiting step of small molecule science from synthesis to function study, we have designed, constructed, and implemented a fully automated small molecule synthesizer.
The synthesizer uses only one C-C bond forming reaction, the Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling (SMC) reaction, to assemble off-the-shelf building blocks into many different types of small molecules including organic materials, pharmaceuticals, natural products, and natural product derivatives. Specifically, this automated synthesis platform utilizes the iterative cross-coupling (ICC) strategy enabled by the capacity of N-methyliminodiacetic acid (MIDA) to reversibly attenuate the reactivity of a boronic acid. MIDA boronates are generally crystalline free-flowing solids and are stable to bench-top storage. Furthermore, it has been discovered that they are universally amenable to catch-and-release column chromatography and are universally susceptible to general mild deprotection conditions. Additionally, MIDA boronates can be prepared by a variety of synthetic methods on multi-gram scale and they demonstrate significantly improved reaction yields with slow-addition cross-coupling (SACC). It was understood that these strikingly general features of MIDA boronates made them highly amenable to an automated ICC platform. Fully automated modules for MIDA boronate purification, deprotection, and cross-coupling were developed and with thousands of applicable building blocks commercially available or easily accessible, this now simple, general, and fully automated synthesis platform stands to afford more efficient access to small molecule targets to specialists and non-specialists alike.Item withdrawn by Mark Zulauf ([email protected]) on 2013-06-10T18:36:43Z
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University of Illinois Theses & Dissertations (ID: 1)
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Laser Interferometer Gravitational Wave Observatory interferometer operating at design sensitivity with application to gravitational radiometry
No full textThesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Physics, 2006.This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.Includes bibliographical references (p. 139-148).During the last decade the three interferometers of the Laser Interferometer Gravitational Wave Observatory (LIGO) were built and commissioned. In fall 2005 design sensitivity was achieved, corresponding to a strain sensitivity of 2.5 x 10-23 Hz-1/2 at 150 Hz. All three interferometers are now in an extended science run. One of the most critical steps to reach this goal was increasing the power in the interferometer to more than 200 Watt at the beam splitter. This required the commissioning of both a thermal compensation system and shot noise limited sensing electronics capable of detecting all the light. Additionally, a series of unexpected noise sources had to be mitigated. This work is described in the first part of this thesis. In a second part I introduce a radiometer analysis that is capable of spatially resolving anisotropies in a stochastic gravitational wave background. The analysis is optimized for identifying point sources of stochastic gravitational radiation. Finally, data from the fourth LIGO science run is used to set both isotropic and directional upper limits on the stochastic background of gravitational waves.(cont.) The bound set on the normalized gravitational wave energy density is h2 gw(f) < 6.25 x 10-5 and the limit set on a broadband and flat strain power spectrum coming from a point source varies between 8.5 x 10-49Hz-1 and 6.1 x 10-48Hz-1, depending on the source position. Additionally a limit on gravitational radiation coming from the direction of Sco-X1, the brightest X-ray source short of the sun, is set for each frequency bin.by Stefan W. Ballmer.Ph.D
An environmental optimization model for bioenergy plant sizes and locations for the case of wood-derived SNG in Switzerland
No full textBioenergy from woodfuel has a considerable potential to substitute fossil fuels and alleviate global warming. One issue so far not systematically addressed is the question of the optimal size of bioenergy plants with regards to environmental and economic performance. The aim of this work is to fill this gap by modeling the entire production chain of wood and its conversion to bioenergy in a synthetic natural gas plant both with respect to economic and environmental performance. Several spatially explicit submodels for the availability, harvest, transportation and conversion of wood were built and joined in a multi-objective optimization model to determine optimal plant sizes for any desired weighting of environmental impacts and profits. We find a trade-off between environmental and economic optimal plant sizes. While the economic optima range between 75 – 200 MW, the environmental optima are with 10 – 40 MW significantly smaller. Moreover, the economic optima are highly location specific and tend to be smaller if the biomass resource in the geographic region of the plant is scarcer. The results are robust with regards to the effect on global warming as well as with respect to the aggregated environmental impact assessment methods Ecoindicator ’99 and Ecological Scarcity 2006.GR-LUDLENISCI-STI-FMThe paper was awarded as the Best Paper within the topic 'Bioenergy Technology' at the WREC 2011
Identifying environmentally and economically optimal bioenergy plant sizes and locations: A spatial model of wood-based SNG value chains
No full textThe optimal size and location of bioenergy plants with regards to environmental and economic performance are assessed with a spatially explicit value chain model of the production of synthetic natural gas (SNG) from wood. It consists of several individual models for the availability, harvest, transportation, conversion of wood to SNG, electricity and heat, and the use of these products to substitute non-renewable energy services. An optimization strategy is used to choose the optimal technology configuration for plant sizes from 5 to 200 MW and different locations for any desired weighting between the environmental performance based on life cycle assessment (LCA) and the economic performance. While the economic optima are found at plant sizes between 100 and 200 MW, the environmental optima are found in the range of 5e40 MW. This trade-off can be minimized at plant sizes above 25 MW according to the presented model. The most important driver of the environmental performance is the efficient substitution of non-renewable energy, which is a site-specific factor. In comparison to this, spatial factors such as wood availability, harvest, and transportation, have a smaller influence on the environmental performance, at least for a country of the size of Switzerland. The main drivers of the economic performance are the revenues from the sale of the SNG plant’s products and the SNG production costs, but transportation and wood costs also play a role.LEN
Auswertung der Vollkluppierung 2012 im Naturwaldreservat Aletschwald: Aktueller Zustand und Bestandesdynamik seit 1962
No full textISSN:2296-3448ISSN:2296-3456ISSN:2296-345
FTM, transhomem, homem trans, trans, homem: a emergência de transmasculinidades no Brasil contemporâneo
No full textTese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas, Programa de Pós-Graduação Interdisciplinar em Ciências Humanas, Florianópolis, 2014.Desde 2010 é possível perceber a crescente visibilidade de transhomens no Brasil, tanto na mídia quanto no movimento de Lésbicas, Gays, Bissexuais, Travestis e Transexuais (LGBT). O tema central desta tese é a emergência de masculinidades produzidas por transhomens, as transmasculinidades, que vêm se constituindo como "novas" identidades sociais e políticas no contexto brasileiro, identidades essas que parecem se ancorar, por uma lado, nas definições médicas e "psi" que as patologizam, e por outro, na luta pela despatologização de suas identidades de gênero. A amostra foi composta majoritariamente por transhomens pertencentes às classes média e alta, brancos, moradores de regiões urbanas do sudeste e sul do país, com idades entre 18 e 50 anos. Foram utilizados vários métodos de investigação, com os quais busquei articular diferentes aproximações, em uma perspectiva interdisciplinar. Para tanto desenvolvi uma etnografia, na qual foram utilizadas mídias digitais, tais como e-mail e redes sociais, e a criação de um site próprio. Fez parte da etnografia a observação participante em diversos espaços onde circulavam transhomens. Foi possível observar que não há um modelo universal de transmasculinidades, elas são maleáveis e estão em constante produção. As transmasculinidades brasileiras podem ser masculinidades alternativas, mesmo estando incluídas em práticas de dominação, subordinação e marginalização. As transmasculinidades, ao produzirem uma masculinidade sem pênis, podem ser tomadas como um desestabilizador de masculinidades hegêmonicas, rejeitando a arbitrariedade do sexo e do gênero e questionando a certeza de sermos homens ou mulheres.Abstract : Since 2010 is possible to realize the growing visibility of transmen in Brazil in the media and in the movement of lesbians, Gays, Bisexuals, Tranvestities and Transsexuals (GLBT). The main theme this thesis is the masculinity emergency producted by transmen, the transmasculinitiy, which is becoming the "new" social and political identities in brazilian context. These identities seems to anchor, according to one point of view, in medical definitions and "psi" which pathologize them, and according to another one, in the fight for depathologization of their genre identities. The sample was compound majority by transmen that belongs to high and middle classes, caucasian, from south and southeast urban regions, age between 18 and 50 years old. Many investigation methods were used, I tried to articulate diferent approximations in a interdisciplinary perspective. For this I developed a ethnography, which were used many digital medias like e-mail, social networks and a own website. A participant observation in many sites where transmen used to walk arround was part of the ethnography. I could notice that there is no transmasculinity universal model, they are malleable and they are in constant production. The Brazilian transmasculinity can be alternatives masculinity, even being included in domination, subordination and marginalization practices. The transmasculinity, when they produce a masculinity without a penis, can be seen like a masculinity destabilizing, rejecting a sex and genre arbitrariness and questioning the certain if we are men or woman
Paladin (<em>Pald1</em>) regulates endothelial sprouting, VE-cadherin junction stability and vascular permeability
No full textESPEN guidelines on definitions and terminology of clinical nutrition
No full textBACKGROUND:
A lack of agreement on definitions and terminology used for nutrition-related concepts and procedures limits the development of clinical nutrition practice and research.
OBJECTIVE:
This initiative aimed to reach a consensus for terminology for core nutritional concepts and procedures.
METHODS:
The European Society of Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism (ESPEN) appointed a consensus group of clinical scientists to perform a modified Delphi process that encompassed e-mail communication, face-to-face meetings, in-group ballots and an electronic ESPEN membership Delphi round.
RESULTS:
Five key areas related to clinical nutrition were identified: concepts; procedures; organisation; delivery; and products. One core concept of clinical nutrition is malnutrition/undernutrition, which includes disease-related malnutrition (DRM) with (eq. cachexia) and without inflammation, and malnutrition/undernutrition without disease, e.g. hunger-related malnutrition. Over-nutrition (overweight and obesity) is another core concept. Sarcopenia and frailty were agreed to be separate conditions often associated with malnutrition. Examples of nutritional procedures identified include screening for subjects at nutritional risk followed by a complete nutritional assessment. Hospital and care facility catering are the basic organizational forms for providing nutrition. Oral nutritional supplementation is the preferred way of nutrition therapy but if inadequate then other forms of medical nutrition therapy, i.e. enteral tube feeding and parenteral (intravenous) nutrition, becomes the major way of nutrient delivery.
CONCLUSION:
An agreement of basic nutritional terminology to be used in clinical practice, research, and the ESPEN guideline developments has been established. This terminology consensus may help to support future global consensus efforts and updates of classification systems such as the International Classification of Disease (ICD). The continuous growth of knowledge in all areas addressed in this statement will provide the foundation for future revisions
Paladin (<em>Pald1</em>) regulates endothelial sprouting, VE-cadherin junction stability and vascular permeability
No full text- …
