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Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Intraneural application of botulinum neurotoxin a improves motoneuron innervation and functional recovery after femoral nerve reconstruction in rats
Get PDFAxonal injuries to motoneurons of adult mammals cause, among other responses, loss of synaptic terminals from their cell bodies and dendrites. This “synaptic stripping” is largely, but not always completely reversed after successful axonal regeneration and muscle reinnervation. Long-lasting deficits in, e.g., cholinergic and glutamatergic afferent terminals, correlate negatively with degree of functional recovery in rats suggesting that persistent partial deafferentation of motoneurons may be a factor limiting functional recovery after peripheral nerve injury. AimsTo further explore the idea that functional recovery is partially linked to restoration of synaptic inputs to regenerated motoneurons, we pursued to modulate the deafferentation of motoneurons following nerve section/suture and monitor the effects of this manipulation on the outcome of peripheral nerve regeneration. Two neuroactive molecules, botulinum neurotoxin A (BoNT) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), known for their ability to influence synaptic inputs to neurons, were selected as manipulation tools. Drug solutions were applied to the proximal stump of the freshly cut femoral nerve of rats to achieve drug uptake and transport to the neuronal perikarya and possibly transcytosis to afferent synapses. The experiments were performed in adult (10-week-old) female Wistar rats which received either BoNT (N = 17), BDNF (N = 15) or bovine serum albumin treatment (BSA, control, N = 13). After drug application, the femoral nerve was surgically reconstructed and functional recovery was monitored over a 5-month period using an established gait analysis protocol. Other outcome measures were quality of endplate reinnervation (occurrence of abnormal polyinnervation assessed morphologically) and numbers of cholinergic, GABA/glycinergic and glutamatergic synaptic terminals in the femoral motor nucleus in the spinal cord (assessed using stereological approaches). Application of BoNT, but not BDNF, resulted in a marked, as compared with BSA, improvement of motor recovery at 2 to 20 weeks after injury. At two months, BoNT-treated rats had an attenuated loss of perisomatic cholinergic terminals compared with the other two treatments. Analysis of individual animal data revealed significant linear correlations between functional parameters and numbers of cholinergic terminals. Quality of endplate reinnervation was not affected by treatment with BoNT or BDNF. The effect of BoNT on synaptic terminals is possibly related to transcytosis of BoNT into perisomatic nerve terminals as suggested by immunohistochemical analysis of cleaved SNAP-25. In turn, better preservation of modulatory cholinergic terminals, which are crucial for normal motoneuron excitability, might underlie enhanced recovery of function in BoNT-treated rats. The findings support the idea that persistent partial deafferentation of axotomized motoneurons is a factor contributing to deficient functional recovery after nerve injury. Intraneural application of drugs appears to be a promising way to analyze causal relationships between synaptic plasticity and restoration of function. In addition, it is thinkable that the described drug application approach may evolve into a clinically feasible therapy if further controlled animal experiments provide convincing evidence for its safety and efficacy.Läsionen peripherer Nerven von erwachsenen Säugetieren verursachen Verlust von Synapsen an Zellkörpern und Dendriten von Motoneuronen. Diese Deafferenzierung (“synaptic stripping“) ist, selbst nach erfolgreicher Nervenregeneration und Reinnervation der Muskulatur, nicht immer vollkommen reversibel. Langfristige Defizite sind für cholinerge und glutamaterge Afferenzen nachgewiesen und diese korrelieren negativ mit dem Grad der funktionellen Erholung bei Ratten. Es kann angenommen werden, dass eine persistierende partielle Deafferenzierung von Motoneuronen das funktionelle Outcome einer peripheren Nervenverletzung beeinträchtigen kann. Um die o. g. Hypothese zu überprüfen, wurde hier versucht die Deafferenzierung der Motoneurone nach Durchtrennung und Naht des Nervus femoralis der Ratte zu manipulieren. Zwei neuroaktive Moleküle, Botulinum-Neurotoxin A (BoNT) und Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), die bekanntlich synaptische Eingänge an Neuronen beeinflussen, wurden als „Manipulationswerkzeuge“ ausgewählt. Die Effekte dieser Behandlungen auf das Outcome der Nervenregeneration wurden funktionell und strukturell untersucht. BoNT oder BDNF wurden an den proximalen Stumpf des durchtrennten Nervus femoralis appliziert, um ihre Aufnahme und den Transport zu den Perikarya sowie eventuell die Transzytose zu afferenten Synapsen zu erreichen. Als Kontrolle diente bovines Serumalbumin (BSA). Die Experimente wurden an erwachsenen, zehn Wochen alten weiblichen Wistar Ratten durchgeführt, die entweder eine BoNT (N = 17), BDNF (N = 15) oder BSA (N = 13) Behandlung erhielten. Nach der Applikation wurde der Nerv chirurgisch rekonstruiert und die funktionelle Erholung mithilfe eines etablierten Ganganalyseverfahrens in einem Zeitraum von fünf Monaten dokumentiert. Weitere Outcome-Parameter waren die Qualität der Endplattenreinnervation (Auftreten anormaler Polyinnervation) und die Anzahl der 8 cholinergen, GABA/glycinergen und glutamatergen synaptischen Terminale im motorischen Kern des N. femoralis im Rückenmark. Zwei bis 20 Wochen nach der Läsion war die funktionelle Erholung nach BoNT Applikation signifikant besser im Vergleich zu den anderen beiden Behandlungen. Der posttraumatische Verlust an perisomatischen cholinergen Synapsen zwei Monate nach der Operation war ebenso reduziert in BoNT-behandelten Tieren. Regressionsanalysen zeigten signifikante lineare Korrelationen zwischen Funktionsparametern und der Anzahl cholinerger Terminale. Die Qualität der Endplattenreinnervation wurde nicht durch die Behandlung mit BoNT oder BDNF beeinflusst. Die Effekte von BoNT beruhen, wie durch Nachweis von gespaltetem SNAP-25 in perisomatischen Nerventerminale angedeutet, möglicherweise auf BoNT Transzytose. Eine bessere Erhaltung der modulatorischen cholinergen Terminale, die für die normale Erregbarkeit von Motoneuronen von entscheidender Bedeutung sind, könnte wiederum einer verbesserten Erholung der Funktion bei mit BoNT behandelten Ratten zugrunde liegen Die Ergebnisse stützen die Hypothese, dass langanhaltende partielle Deafferenzierungen von Motoneuronen negative Auswirkungen auf die funktionelle Erholung nach Nervenläsionen haben können. Die intraneurale Anwendung von neuroaktiven Substanzen scheint ein vielversprechender Weg zu sein, um kausale Zusammenhänge zwischen synaptischer Plastizität und Wiederherstellung der Funktion zu analysieren. Es ist außerdem denkbar, dass sich der beschriebene Ansatz der Arzneimittelapplikation zu einer klinisch durchführbaren Therapie entwickeln kann, wenn weitere kontrollierte Tierversuche überzeugende Beweise für seine Sicherheit und Wirksamkeit liefern
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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