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Potensi Ekstrak Etanol Kakao (Theobroma Cacao L.) dalam Menghambat Kerusakan Eritrosit yang Diinduksi Racun Physalia utriculus Secara In Vitro
No full textIndonesia merupakan negara maritim dengan tiga perempat presentasi
wilayahnya berupa laut dengan panjang garis pantai 95.161 km, terpanjang kedua
setelah Kanada. Salah satu biota laut yang sering ditemukan ialah ubur-ubur
berbentuk gelatinous bodies. Spesies ubur-ubur yang sering ditemukan adalah
Physalia utriculus. Beberapa gejala keracunan akibat sengatan ubur-ubur
menyebabkan rasa sakit dan gatal pada kulit serta komplikasi pada jantung dan
saraf sebagai gejala sistemik akibat racun yang masuk melalui peredaran darah.
Respons sistemik melalui peredaran darah menyebabkan hemolisis dan kerusakan
pada pembuluh darah. Di Indonesia dilaporkan sebanyak 13 kasus sengatan uburubur pada tahun 2005-2009 dengan tiga orang meninggal akibat sengatan uburubur di daerah Jawa, Bali, dan Bangka.
Kakao (Theobroma cacao L.) merupakan salah satu komoditas unggulan
Kabupaten Jember. Biji kakao mengandung lemak, karbohidrat, protein, dan
senyawa polifenol yang berguna sebagai antioksidan. Polifenol yang terkandung
pada kakao berupa epicathechin, catechins, dan procyanidins berfungsi untuk
memberikan perlindungan dan memperkuat resistensi terhadap hemolisis.
Metode hemolisis merupakan salah satu uji aktivitas racun yang sederhana
dan dapat dilihat secara langsung. Racun ubur-ubur membentuk ikatan pada
membran sel target diikuti adanya oligomerisasi membentuk pori-pori membran.
Pembentukan pori-pori membran pada sel eritrosit inilah menyebabkan hemolisis.
Komponen peptida litik menyebabkan peningkatan permeabilitas sel yang
berpengaruh terhadap transpor ion, pembengkakan sel, dan terjadinya lisis akibat
perbedaan tekanan osmotik.
Penelitian ini menggunakan desain penelitian true experimental secara in
vitro dengan rancangan post test only control group design, yaitu penilaian hanya
dilakukan setelah mendapat perlakuan berupa pemberian ekstrak kakao. Populasi
yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini ialah whole blood 3 ml yang diambil dari
manusia sehat dengan golongan darah O, berusia 21 tahun, dan tidak memiliki
riwayat penyakit koagulan. Pemilihan sampel dilakukan dengan simple random
sampling. Sampel berupa 28 sampel eritrosit yang telah dipilih dibagi menjadi
tujuh kelompok, yaitu kelompok kontrol normal, kontrol positif, kontrol negatif,
dan perlakuan dengan pemberian ekstrak etanol kakao 0,2%, 0,1%, 0,04%, dan
0,02%. Masing-masing kelompok terdiri dari 4 sampel eritrosit.
Hasil penelitian didapatkan rata-rata kecepatan lisis eritrosit pada
kelompok perlakuan dengan pemberian ekstrak etanol kakao 0,2%, 0,1%, 0,04%,
dan 0,02% berturut-turut (detik ± standar deviasi) ialah 858,25 ± 94,44; 1.000,5
± 159,93; 678,5 ± 19,71; dan 1.006 ± 159,50. Rata-rata kecepatan lisis eritrosit
pada kelompok kontrol negatif sebesar 1.025 ± 164.63, kelompok kontrol positif
dengan pemberian N-Acetylcystein, dan kelompok kontrol normal dapat bertahan
hingga satu jam setelah pemberian racun. Pada penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan
bahwa pemberian ekstrak etanol kakao dengan kadar 0,2%, 0,1%, 0,04%, dan
0,02% tidak berpotensi menghambat kerusakan eritrosit yang telah diinduksi
racun Physalia utriculus secara in vitro
Potential of Cocoa Extract (Theobroma cacao) in Inhibiting Erythrocyte Damage Induced by Physalia utriculus Venom
No full textPhysalia utriculus is one of the invertebrate marine biota that is often found in Indonesia. Some symptoms of venoming due to jellyfish stings cause pain, itching, and hemolysis. In Indonesia, 13 cases of jellyfish stings were reported in 2005-2009 with three people dying in Java, Bali, and Bangka. Cocoa beans (Theobroma cacao L.) contain fat, carbohydrates, proteins, and polyphenol compounds that are useful as antioxidants. Polyphenols in the form of epicathechins, catechins, and procyanidins serve to provide protection to hemolysis. The purpose of this study was to determine the potential of ethanol extract of cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) in inhibiting the damage of erythrocyte induced by Physalia utriculus in vitro. This study used 28 samples of erythrocytes divided into seven groups, namely the normal control group, negative controls, and treatment with cocoa ethanol extract 0.2%, 0.1%, 0.04%, and 0.02%. Each subsequent group induced venom Physalia utriculus. The results showed that the average speed of erythrocyte lysis in the treatment group by giving cocoa ethanol extract 0.2%, 0.1%, 0.04%, and 0.02% respectively (seconds ± standard deviation) was 858,25 ± 94,44; 1.000,5 ± 159,93; 678,5 ± 19,71; and 1.006 ± 159,50. The mean speed of erythrocyte lysis in the negative control group was 1,025 ± 164.63 and the positive control group with the administration of N-Acetylcystein can last up to one hour after administration of venoms. Test for normality and homogeneity shows that data is normally distributed and homogeneous. One Way Annova analysis shows the significance value of p <0.05, then a post hoc analysis test was performed with the Bonferoni method to find out the differences in significance in each group. In this study it can be concluded that the administration of cocoa ethanol extract has no potential to inhibit erythrocyte damage that has been venomed by Physalia utriculus in vitro.
Keywords: Physalia utriculus, cacao, erythrocyte damag
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
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