45 research outputs found
YOSHIO ONUKI Y KINYA INOKUCHI Gemelos prístinos. El tesoro del templo de Kuntur Wasi
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The Architecture of Kuntur Wasi: Construction Sequence and Chronology of a Ceremonial Center of the Formative Period
No full textLas excavaciones en el sitio arqueológico de Kuntur Wasi, realizadas desde 1988 hasta 2002 por parte de la Misión Arqueológica Japonesa, han podido esclarecer en detalle la secuencia arquitectónica de un centro ceremonial en la sierra norte del Perú durante el Periodo Formativo y han establecido nueve subfases constructivas. Según los análisis, al inicio de la fase Kuntur Wasi se estableció el Principio Constructivo Básico del Templo, compuesto por tres elementos arquitectónicos; este principio se mantuvo vigente hasta la segunda subfase constructiva de la fase Copa. Por último, en la fase Sotera, Kuntur Wasi dejó de funcionar como un centro ceremonial. Los resultados del estudio de la secuencia constructiva de este complejo ofrecen un punto de referencia desde el que es posible discutir el proceso social del Periodo Formativo en los Andes centrales en un contexto más amplio.The excavations in the archaeological site of Kuntur Wasi, carried out from 1988 to 2002 by the Japanese Archaeological Mission, have clarified, in detail, the architectural sequence of this ceremonial center in the northern highlands of Perú during the Formative Period. The authors have established nine architectural sub-phases at the site. According to our analyses, at the beginning of the Kuntur Wasi phase, the "basic construction principle" of the temple was established. This is composed of three architectural elements, which were maintained until the second sub-phase of the Copa phase. However, in the last sub-phase of the Copa phase the importance of the "basic construction principle" was lost. During the Sotera phase, Kuntur Wasi no longer functioned as a ceremonial center. The results of our analysis of the architectural sequence at Kuntur Wasi offer a point of reference for discussing social processes of the Formative Period in the Central Andes within a broader context
Looking for the right outcrop: Ceramic petrography in the Peruvian Andes
No full textLooking for the Right Outcrop Ceramic Petrography in the Peruvian Andes Isabelle C. Druc, Kinya Inokuchi, Victor Carlotto, and Pedro Navarro. In 2010 a series of compositional analysis was initiated to study the production and provenance of the ceramics found at the archaeological site of Kuntur Wasi, in the department of Cajamarca, Peru. Kuntur Wasi is a ceremonial site of the Formative Period occupied during most of the first millennium BC. The site is located at 2,300 m above sea level, 35 km west of the city of Cajamarca in the north- central Peruvian highlands (fig. 10.1). Excavations were carried out from 1988 to 2002 by the Kuntur Wasi archaeological project and a Japanese- led team. The site acquired much fame when eight intact tombs were excavated, bearing many gold objects, crowns, pendants, beads, and beautiful ceramics (Onuki et al. 1995; Onuki and Inokuchi 2011). In addition to the burials, the four occupation levels (spanning some 900 years) yielded a very large quantity of ceramic fragments. The major architectural and stylistic changes at the beginning of the second archaeological phase point to a strong foreign influence or a nonlocal origin of some of the people responsible for many of the changes observed (Onuki et al. 1995; Inokuchi 2010). Stylistic analysis also suggests the presence of local styles as well as foreign styles related to the coast and to the northern highlands. Paste analysis involved petrography, X- ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of archaeological and comparative samples, in conjunction with the ethnoarchaeological study of the modern local ceramic tradition. The first step was to investigate the availability of potting materials around the archaeological site, the local geology, and the type of clay, temper, and practices of traditional potters in the region (Druc 2011; Druc et al. 2013). The analysis of the archaeological ceramics showed the existence of several paste groups, one of which was characterized by the presence of intrusive materials. The absence of intrusive bodies at the local level prompted the search for the provenance of the intrusive temper seen in the Kuntur Wasi ceramics. This search for the right outcrop is also an inquiry into understanding whether the wares manufactured with intrusive temper were produced on site with foreign material or brought to the site. This query was dictated by questions of interregional sociocultural or economic relationships in view of the architectural and stylistic changes observed at Kuntur Wasi. We first briefly present the archaeological and ethnographic background of the research and then describe the local and regional geology. Later we turn to the compositional analysis of the archaeological and comparative samples related to this aspect of the study. The analysis results are discussed in light of the recent studies of the archaeological ceramics. We conclude with a tentative interpretation of ceramic production at or for the ceremonial site of Kuntur Wasi. Looking for the Right Outcrop 145 Research Background The Archaeological Data The ceremonial center of Kuntur Wasi (fig. 10.2) was occupied during the first millennium BC (Inokuchi 2010). The study of the construction phases, tombs, ceramics, and other cultural materials suggested a local initial occupation period (Idolo phase, 950–800 BC), followed by an important transformation in the ceremonial center and a population input of possible coastal provenance (Kuntur Wasi phase, 800–550 BC). New constructions and expansion of the site mark the third major occupation phase (Copa phase, 550–250 BC), while the last phase is characterized by drastic construction changes and quasi abandonment of the site as a major ceremonial center (Sotera phase, 250–50 BC). Apart from these four phases is the “Sangal complex” within the Kuntur Wasi phase, identified on the basis of a set of ceramics displaying similar stylistic characteristics (Inokuchi 2010; Onuki et al. 1995). In terms of ceramic production, so far no evidence was found suggesting on- site production . But excavations have targeted the ceremon ial area, where ceramic production was probably not taking place. Sixty-one different ceramic stylistic types have been identified (Inokuchi 2010). Several stylistic ceramic types display local characteristics, with a paste matching resources available within a 7–9 km range, as petrographic analysis showed. Albeit fitting chronologically within the stylistic and cultural Chavín Horizon, Kuntur Wasi does not appear to have received direct impact from the ceremonial center of Chavín de Huántar in the north- central Andes (Inokuchi 1998). Rather, stylistic analysis suggests influences..
Transformation Process of the Ceremonial Center and Interactions at Kuntur Wasi in the Northern Highlands of Peru
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ANÁLISIS DE ARCILLAS Y MATERIAL COMPARATIVO POR MEDIO DE DIFRACCIÓN DE RAYOS X Y PETROGRAFÍA PARA KUNTUR WASI, CAJAMARCA, PERÚ
No full textX-ray diffraction and petrographic analyses of soils, clays and tempers collected around the archaeological site of Kuntur Wasi, near San Pablo, in the northern Peruvian Andes, aim at investigating the composition of local materials and the possibility of on-site production. The results of the XRD study shows that the analyzed clay found around the site is an illite, while the other collected soils from San Pablo are not clays of ceramic production range. The volcanic temper used by modern potters eight kilometers north of the archaeological site is very similar to the temper observed in many of the ancient ceramics from Kuntur Wasi. Also, analysis of clays from the middle Jequetepeque valley shows the presence of kaolin, which is absent from the analyzed clays in the Kuntur Wasi region.Varias arcillas, temperantes y suelos recolectados alrededor del sitio formativo ceremonial de Kuntur Wasi, en los Andes norcentrales de Perú, fueron analizados con difracción de Rayos X y petrografía para determinar su composición y disponibilidad para la producción cerámica antigua. Los resultados muestran que la arcilla analizada de Sangal es una ilita, que las muestras de San Pablo tienen poco material arcilloso y que el temperante volcánico usado por los alfareros de Mangallpa es similar al temperante en muchas cerámicas de Kuntur Wasi. Se postula que parte de la producción antigua se hacía con material de la zona de Mangallpa, llevado a Kuntur Wasi para una elaboración in-situ, o que las cerámicas se traían ya hechas. Análisis de arcillas del valle medio del Jequetepeque revela la presencia de caolín, lo cual es ausente en las muestras analizadas de la región de Kuntur Wasi
Numerical analysis for sea wave loading on the pile foundation of detached structures by using CADMAS-SURF
No full textEvolution of the maturation rate collapses competitive coexistence
No full textMost theoretical studies on character displacement and the coexistence of competing species have focused attention on the evolution of competitive traits driven by inter-specific competition. We investigated the evolution of the maturation rate which is not directly related to competition and trades off with the birth rate and how it influences competitive outcomes. Evolution may result in the superior competitor becoming extinct if, initially, the inferior competitor has a lower, and the superior one a higher, maturation rate at the coexistence equilibrium. This counterintuitive result is explained by an explosive increase in the adult population of the inferior competitor as a result of the more rapid evolution of its maturation rate, which is caused by differences in the intensity and direction of selection on the maturation rates of the two species and in their adult densities, which are related to differences in their life histories. Thus, a life history trait trade-off with a competitive trait may cause a competitive ecological coexistence to collapse
Suggestion for the teaching method in real-work oriented preservice teacher education curriculum : Some considerations based on the observation of internship program in Michigan State University
No full textThe purpose of this study is to identify the key to the success in the clinical teaching method in pre-service teacher education. The author observed the internship program of teacher education department in the Michigan State University, which has been ranked the top for several years. The observation was conducted during November 2nd through 24th, 2005. The observation result indicates that the theoretical part of the educational theory is not only emphasized even in the practical internship, but also blended into the practice of intern, by emphasizing the construction of "if..., then..., because..." statement to the intern and by introducing the cutting-edge educational theories to the mentor teachers
