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Standar penetapan kebolehan pada penggunaan produk Kosmetika yang mengandung Alkohol/Etanol menurut Majelis Ulama Indonesia dan Nahdlatul Ulama
Get PDFIslam menganjurkan umatnya untuk selalu berpenampilan bersih dan wangi sebagai bentuk untuk menjaga dan merawat penampilan sesuai dengan syariat, salah satunya dengan menggunakan kosmetik yang sudah menjadi kebutuhan bagi perempuan maupun laki-laki. Alkohol adalah bahan kimia yang digunakan sebagai pelarut dalam sediaan kosmetik, seperti parfum baik dari jenis eau de parfum, eau de toilette, eau de cologne maupun eau fraiche. Parfum adalah sediaan kosmetik bentuk cair yang populer di kalangan perempuan maupun laki-laki untuk memberikan aroma wangi bagi tubuh atau pakaian manusia. Namun, penggunaan parfum yang mengandung alkohol menjadi polemik bagi masyarakat sehingga perlu adanya penetapan hukum sebagai pedoman yang dapat menjaga umat Islam dari kemudharatan.
Adapun tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk (1) mengetahui standar kebolehan penggunaan produk kosmetika yang mengandung alkohol/etanol menurut Majelis Ulama Indonesia; (2) mengetahui standar kebolehan penggunaan produk kosmetika yang mengandung alkohol/etanol menurut Nahdlatul Ulama; (3) mengetahui perbandingan standar penetapan kebolehan penggunaan produk kosmetika yang mengandung alkohol/etanol menurut Majelis Ulama Indonesia dan Nahdlatul Ulama.
Penelitian ini berangkat dari pemikiran bahwa alkohol itu identik dengan khamr yang hukumnya haram dan membahayakan baik bagi diri sendiri maupun orang lain sehingga berakibat pada masyarakat yang mempertanyakan penggunaan parfum yang mengandung alkohol/etanol. Dalam teori fikih, alkohol yang digunakan dalam berbagai jenis pewangi dikategorikan sebagai ukuran najis yang dimaafkan.
Pada Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian deskriptif analitis yaitu mendeskripsikan atau memaparkan tentang standar penetapan kebolehan penggunaan kosmetika yang mengandung alkohol/etanol berdasarkan fatwa MUI No.11 tahun 2009, fatwa MUI No.11 tahun 2018 dan fatwa MUI No.26 tahun 2013 serta Keputusan Muktamar Nahdlatul Ulama dengan pendapat para ulama NU.
Hasil penelitian berdasarkan fatwa MUI dan Keputusan Muktamar Nahdlatul Ulama terhadap standar penetapan kebolehan penggunaan kosmetika yang mengandung alkohol/etanol menunjukkan : (1) menurut Majelis Ulama Indonesia mengenai kosmetika yang mengandung alkohol/etanol, apabila sumber alkoholnya berasal dari industri non khamr dan tidak membahayakan secara medis maka dikatakan suci dan tidak dibatasi kadarnya tetapi haram hukumnya jika diminum karena memabukkan/membahayakan. (2) menurut Nahdlatul Ulama dalam Keputusan Muktamar yang mengacu pada kitab Al-Fiqh ‘ala al-Madzahib al-Arba’ah dan beberapa pendapat ulama NU, mengenai kosmetika yang mengandung alkohol/etanol termasuk najis yang dimaafkan (ma’fu) apabila tujuannya untuk menjaga kualitas dengan kadar yang diperlukan seperti pada obat-obatan dan parfum. (3) perbandingan antara MUI dan NU memiliki persamaan penetapan kebolehan tentang penggunaan parfum yang mengandung alkohol/etanol, yakni MUI menetapkan boleh apabila bukan berasal dari industri non khamar dan tidak membahayakan secara medis sedangkan NU menetapkan boleh atau tidak apa-apa karena alkohol itu termasuk najis yang dimaafkan (ma’fu)
Dampak Digitalisasi UMKM sebagai Upaya Pengembangan Ekonomi Lokal (Studi Kasus Pedagang Darmo Trade Center (DTC) Kota Surabaya)
No full textPerkembangan digitalisasi yang semakin pesat menyebabkan pedagang UMKM yang masih menggunakan cara konvensional menjadi rentan tergeser oleh pedagang yang telah memanfaatkan teknologi digital. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui implementasi digitalisasi pada UMKM serta menganalisis dampaknya sebagai upaya Pengembangan Ekonomi Lokal di Darmo Trade Center (DTC) Kota Surabaya. DTC dipilih sebagai lokasi penelitian karena merupakan salah satu pusat perbelanjaan yang sedang beradaptasi dengan perubahan sistem digital. Dalam konteks Pengembangan Ekonomi Lokal, penelitian ini juga membahas sinergi antara pedagang, masyarakat lokal, dan pemerintah dalam memanfaatkan sumber daya lokal serta menciptakan peluang kerja yang berkelanjutan. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan pendekatan studi kasus. Analisis data dilakukan menggunakan model Miles dan Huberman melalui tahapan reduksi data, penyajian data, dan penarikan kesimpulan. Uji keabsahan data dilakukan dengan triangulasi sumber untuk memperoleh informasi yang valid dari berbagai pihak. Data dikumpulkan melalui wawancara mendalam, observasi, dan dokumentasi terhadap pedagang UMKM, pengelola, dan pelanggan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa implementasi digitalisasi berada pada kategori tinggi, ditandai dengan penggunaan e-commerce dan QRIS oleh sebagian besar pedagang dan pelanggan. Dampak digitalisasi sebagai upaya Pengembangan Ekonomi Lokal juga terlihat nyata, sebagaimana dibuktikan oleh kontribusinya terhadap peningkatan pendapatan, perluasan akses pasar, efisiensi operasional melalui sistem pembayaran non-tunai, penguatan daya saing melalui promosi digital, serta terciptanya peluang kerja bagi masyarakat sekitar. Namun demikian, masih terdapat tantangan seperti rendahnya literasi digital dan minimnya dukungan dari pemerintah. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan sinergi antara pedagang UMKM, pengelola DTC, dan Pemerintah Kota Surabaya dalam memperluas akses serta literasi digital bagi pedagang UMKM sebagai upaya mewujudkan Pengembangan Ekonomi Lokal yang berkelanjutan.
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The rapid development of digitalisation causes UMKM traders who still use conventional methods to be vulnerable to being displaced by traders who have utilised digital technology. This research aims to find out the implementation of digitalisation in MSMEs and analyse the impact as an effort to Develop Local Economy in Darmo Trade Centre (DTC) Surabaya City. DTC was chosen as a research location because it is one of the shopping centres that is adapting to changes in the digital system. In the context of Local Economic Development, this research also discusses the synergy between traders, local communities, and the government in utilising local resources and creating sustainable job opportunities. This research uses a qualitative method with a case study approach. Data analysis is carried out using the Miles and Huberman model through the stages of data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. Data validity test is carried out by triangulation of sources to obtain valid information from various parties. Data is collected through in-depth interviews, observations, and documentation of UMKM traders, managers, and customers. Research results show that the implementation of digitalisation is in a high category, characterised by the use of e-commerce and QRIS by most merchants and customers. The impact of digitalisation as an effort to Develop the Local Economy is also visible, as evidenced by its contribution to increasing income, expanding market access, operational efficiency through non-cash payment systems, strengthening competitiveness through digital promotion, and creating job opportunities for the surrounding community. However, there are still challenges such as low digital literacy and lack of support from the government. Therefore, there is a need for synergy between UMKM traders, DTC managers, and the Surabaya City Government in expanding access and digital literacy for UMKM traders as an effort to realise sustainable Local Economic Development
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
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