74,348 research outputs found
Determining the size of lightning-induced electron precipitation patches
No full text[1] We analyze Trimpi signatures during 23 and 24 April 1994 at four sites on or near the Antarctic Peninsula (Palmer, Faraday, Rothera, and Halley) on subionospheric VLF signals received from four U. S. naval transmitters (NAA, NSS, NLK, and NPM). Electron precipitation patches are found to be large, i.e., similar to1500 km x 600 km, with the longer axis orientated east-west. Calculations using a three-dimensional Born scattering model, where patch densities are 1.5 electrons cm(-3) above ambient at the center at similar to84 km altitude, provides results that are consistent with this picture. A high proportion (38%) of the Trimpi events were associated with strong lightning flashes in eastern United States. When lightning discharges had currents >65 kA (positive or negative), there was a >80% chance of seeing an associated Trimpi event. The chance of seeing any Trimpi events fell to near zero for discharges of <45 kA. The largest Trimpi perturbations occur when the center of the precipitation patch is 700-800 km from the receivers. This result is consistent with the modeling calculations for large patches. The equatorward edge of the precipitation patch was estimated to be at &SIM;60&DEG;S, close to the magnetic conjugate of the lightning. The close association of the equatorward edge of the precipitation patch with the conjugate location of the causative lightning is consistent with a quasi-ducted whistler-induced precipitation mechanism. Nonducted whistler-induced precipitation mechanisms would predict a 5&DEG;-10&DEG; latitudinal gap between the lightning and the equatorward edge of the patch. However, the lack of observed whistlers at the time of the Trimpi events is consistent with the nonducted whistler mechanism and is not consistent with the quasi-ducted mechanism, although the distances from duct exit point to receiver may have been too large (&SIM;700-1000 km) for the signals to be detectable. Using the significantly larger patch dimensions determined in this study, it is estimated that lightning may well be 10-100 times more effective at depleting the radiation belts than hiss
Inan on Objectual and Propositional Ignorance
No full textIn this note, I would like to focus on the two central distinctions Inan draws between varieties of ignorance. One is the distinction between “objectual” and “propositional” ignorance, and the other is the distinction between “truth-ignorance” and “fact-ignorance,” which is a distinction between two types of propositional ignorance. According to Inan, appreciating these distinctions allow us to see what is wrong with the “received view,” according to which ignorance (or awareness of it) is “always about truth,” and enables us to “overcome our [philosophers’] propositional-bias.” I will argue for two theses. First, fact-ignorance appears to be a form of objectual ignorance; and, if this is so, there are no two distinctions but only one distinction that Inan in effect offers, which is between objectual and propositional ignorance. Second, what Inan calls “the received view” can raise some reasonable worries about objectual ignorance that are not taken into account by him
The construction of Karen Karnak: The multi-author-function
No full textThis thesis is situated within the comparatively recent developments of Web 2.0 and the emergence of interactive WikiMedia, and explores the mode of authorship within a Read/Write culture compared to that of a Read/Only tradition. The hypothesis of this study is that the role of the audience has become merged with the author, and as such, represents new functions and attributes, distinct from a more conventional concept of authorship, in which the roles of audience and author are more separate. Read/Write and participatory culture, as defined by this study, is focused on collaboration, and includes the influences of D.I.Y. culture, Open-Source practices and the production of text by multiple authors. Multi-authorship presents a re-thinking of several concepts which support the notion of the individual author, since the focus of multi-authorship is not on attribution and ownership of a finished text, but on the continued malleability of a text. Modes of multi-authorship, demonstrated in the use of the pseudonyms Alan Smithee and Karen Eliot, represent declarative authors whose names signify multiple origins, whilst concurrently indicating a distinct body of work. The function of these names form an important context to this study, since primary research involves the construction of an experimental mode of multi-authorship utilising WikiMedia technology and the interaction of thirty nine participants, who are invited to create a body of work under the collective pseudonym Karen Karnak. The data generated by this experiment is analysed using aspects of Michel Foucault's author-function to identify and determine power structures inherent in the WikiMedia context. The interplay of power structures, including concepts such as identity, ownership and the body of work, affect the resulting mode of authorship and contribute to the construction of Karen Karnak, suggesting further areas of research into the emerging multi-author
Reforming the WTO, part 5 how should the burden be shared?
No full textIn the last of our series on the challenges facing the World Trade Organisation, Ceylan Inan and Ira Poensgren (LSE) look at the tensions that have emerged between developed and developing countries as they try to agree how to treat each other. The definitions of ‘developed’ and ‘developing’ are contested, not least by the US, which particularly resents the benefits China and India enjoy through their continued status as developing nations
Türkiye'nin enerji politikaları ve Avrasya bölgesi.
No full textThis thesis analyses Turkey̕s energy policies and Turkey̕s foreign relations through the energy issues in the Eurasian region. In the first phase, the energy policies implemented by the state and free market orientation in Turkish energy sector will be discussed. The impacts of neo-liberal economic policies, regional organizations (the European Union and OECD), and global finance institutions (International Monetary Fund ا the IMF and the World Bank ا WB) on Turkish energy sub-sectors, particularly since the beginning of the 1980s, will be examined. In the second phase, Turkey̕s own autonomy and effectiveness within major energy pipeline projects in the Eurasian energy axis will be questioned in the post-Cold War period. Turkey̕s relations in the energy issues with the European Union, Middle East, Caucasus and Turkic States, Russia and the United States (US) will be discussed. Basic vulnerabilities in Turkish energy sector and possible acquisitions of Turkey through its international energy deals will be emphasized.M.S. - Master of Scienc
Protecting Animals 36: Author Witi Ihimaera
No full textIn this very special episode of Knowing Animals I am joined by beloved New Zealand author Witi Ihimaera. Witi has written many books featuring nonhuman animals. He offers us a non-colonial lens through which to think about the human/nonhuman relationship
How to change the world, theoretically:International Relations Theory, its eternal debates, and how Critical Theory can help us to never resolve them
No full textAnnette Freyberg-Inan lays out her view of the field of International Relations Theory and reflects on the role of Critical Theoretical scholarship. She addresses the questions why granting sufficient room for theorizing is quintessential for scientific progress; why International Relations is a field defined by its grand theories and the debates between them; why these debates are functional for the field without ever being resolved; and how Critical Theory is well-positioned to navigate the resulting epistemological tensions and maintain both problem-solving and critical capabilities. She argues that progress in the Social Sciences in general, and the field of International Relations in particular, depends vitally on the development of theories to inspire and enable empirical research. The disciplinary identity of the field of International Relations is structured around debates between meta-theoretical positions. That is often criticized as unproductive, but Freyberg-Inan argues that it is helpful, precisely because those debates are never resolved. They serve as constant reminders of the dilemmas with which scholars in this field have to work and thus as guideposts to steer them away from over-confidence, dogmatism, and resignation. Critical Theory as a scholarly approach is particularly well-suited to maintaining the necessary distance from the poles in these debates and to enable scholarship that is both keen to the realities of power and productive in inspiring progressive change
India-US Network Enabled R/E Collaboration Workshop #1
No full textThe workshop report from the Second India-US Network Enabled R/E Collaboration Workshop will also be made available on ScholarWorks.The workshop brought together networking experts and domain scientists from India and the US to provide an opportunity for scientists and researchers to understand the current state and future plans for networking and cyberinfrastructure in general in India and the US and for US and Indian researchers and their graduate students to establish and strengthen research relationships resulting in increased scientific collaboration between the two countries. We welcomed speakers from a wide variety of science fields including geosciences, climate change, bioinformatics, astronomy and nanotechnology.This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. OISE 0960487. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation
The Christian Right and US Foreign Policy in the Twenty-first Century
No full textThe thesis discusses the role of the Christian Right in the US foreign policy decision making process. The research revealed that the Christian Right has long been fascinated with some international issues in general and US foreign policy in particular. The Christian Right’s interest in international issues increased markedly during years of the George W. Bush presidency. It successfully widened its activities from domestic social conservative issues to foreign policy issues by participating in, articulating and lobbying for its religious version of American foreign policy. In assessing the role of the Christian Right in US foreign policy making, this dissertation examines three aspects of US foreign policy, namely Israel, international religious freedom and global humanitarianism. Based on these aspects, the Christian Right is seen as skilled in framing and defining issues. The Christian Right seems effective in selecting and prioritizing international issues that have a reasonable chance of being selected by foreign policy decision makers, especially in Congress. Moreover, the Christian Right has shown its maturity in seeking engagement and cooperation with other organizations, secular and religious, in order to advance its international goals. Finally, in pursuing and conveying its international agenda, the Christian Right has adopted a more moderate and less overtly religious approach. Instead of using its traditional religious rhetoric, the Christian Right has successfully projected its foreign policy preferences into the conventional realist discourse of American foreign policy that is largely based on the objective of national interest and national security. Nevertheless, this study does not, in any way, conclude that the Christian Right was able to influence or determine the direction of US foreign policy and its outcomes; however, it does suggest that the Christian Right did contribute and have an impact on the formulation of some US foreign policy. As such, the research contends that the role of the Christian Right is similar to other interest group lobbies and that its perceived influence on US foreign policy should not be exaggerated. Finally, the research suggests that the emergence of the Christian Right as an actor in asserting its global agenda through US foreign policy can possibly provide an example of how religious beliefs and values can become a potential source of “soft power”. Together with the “climate of opinion” of the American public during the Bush administration, the “soft power” at domestic level could serve as a valuable new explanatory variable in understanding how the US foreign policy was formulated in the early 21st century
US Port and inland waterways modernization: Preparing for Post-Panamax Vessels
No full textUS Congress directed the USACE Institute for Water Resources to submit to the Senate and House committees on appropriations a \u93report on how the Congress should address the critical need for additional port and inland waterways modernization to accommodate post-Panamax vessels.\u94 This report fulfills that request. This report identifies capacity maintenance and expansion issues associated with the deployment of post-Panamax vessels to trade routes serving U.S. ports. This identification has been accomplished through an evaluation of the future demand for capacity in terms of freight forecasts and vessel size expectations and an evaluation of the current capacity of the Nation\u92s inland waterways and coastal ports. Despite the uncertainty in market responses to the deployment of post-Panamax vessels and the expansion of the Panama Canal, individual investment opportunities for port expansion can be identified using established decision making under uncertainty techniques. Adaptive management techniques can also be used to address uncertainty issues. Preliminary estimates indicate the total investment opportunities may be in the 5 billion range. Environmental mitigation costs associated with port expansion can be significant and will play an important role in investment decisions. A notional list of financing options is presented to initiate discussion of possible paths to meet this challenge\u97it is anticipated that a variety of options may be desirable, and in all cases individual project characteristics, including its economic merits, would need to be considered in selecting the optimal financing mechanisms
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