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The Church in Lebanon
No full textAutor wysuwa tezę, że Liban jest krajem odgrywającym kluczową rolę w kwestii ekumenizmu kościołów wschodnich. Najpierw opisuje chrześcijan w Libanie, tzn. wspólnoty wpisane w historię tej ziemi od pojawienia się wiary chrześcijańskiej – są nimi: Maronici, Melchici, Jakobici, Asyryjski Kościół Wschodu, Chaldejski Kościół Katolicki, Ormiański Kościół Katolicki. Zaproszenie do komunii ekumenicznej jest dla nich nowym, eklezjalnym wyzwaniem. Następnie autor przeprowadza analizę działań podejmowanych przez patriarchów z Bliskiego Wschodu na rzecz pokoju jedności, czego szczególnym wyrazem są następujące dokumenty: Nowa Nadzieja dla Libanu, Orientale Lumen, Orientalium Dignitas, Orientales omnes Ecclesias, Orientalium Ecclesiarum, Unitatis redintegratio, Ecclesia in Asia, Orientalium. Kolejny rozdział artykułu poświęcony jest synodom dotyczącym Bliskiego Wschodu. W tej dziedzinie wielkie zasługi należy przypisać Janowi Pawłowi II, który poczynił pierwsze kroki na rzecz ekumenizmu wspólnot chrześcijańskich Bliskiego Wschodu oraz dla pokoju w Libanie. Ukoronowaniem tych wysiłków stał się najpierw Specjalny Synod Biskupów poświęcony Libanowi (1995) – o wybitnym wydźwięku ekumenicznym, a następnie, zwołany przez Benedykta XVI, Specjalny Synod Biskupów poświęcony Bliskiemu Wschodowi (2010).The author puts forward a thesis that Lebanon is a country that plays a key role in the issue of ecumenism of the Eastern Churches. He first describes the Christians in Lebanon, i.e. the communities inscribed in the history of this land from the times the Christian faith emerged – these are: the Maronites, Melkite, Jacobites, the Assyrian Church of the East, the Chaldean Catholic Church, and the Armenian Catholic Church. The invitation to the ecumenical Communion is a new ecclesial challenge for them. Next, the author analyses the actions taken by the Patriarchs of the Middle East to ensure the unity peace, expressed particularly by the following documents: A New Hope for Lebanon, Orientale Lumen, Orientalium Dignitas, Orientales omnes Ecclesias, Orientalium Ecclesiarum, Unitatis redintegratio, Ecclesia in Asia, Orientalium. The subsequent article’s chapter is devoted to the synods dedicated to the Middle East. In this area, great merit should be attributed to John Paul II, who made the first steps towards ecumenical Christian communities in the Middle East and towards the peace in Lebanon. The first Special Synod of Bishops for Lebanon (1995), for outstanding ecumenical overtones, and then, the convened by Pope Benedict XVI Special Synod of Bishops for the Middle East (2010) – were the capstone of these efforts
Misja ewangelizacyjna w świetle adhortacji apostolskiej Ecclesia in Medio Oriente
Get PDFIn the Middle East, for many years, the situation of Christians is not good. Islam,
which appeared in this area in the seventh century, was crowding out Christianity
from the very beginning. There were, however, periods of peaceful coexistence in
this area between Christianity and Islam. Recent years have led to a significant
decrease in the number of Christians in the Middle East. This situation was acutely
felt by the Churches in this area. At the same time, for many centuries, there have
been divisions between Christians, especially in this area, originating from ancient
times.
In order to remedy the existing problems, the Holy See convened for October
2010 a Special Assembly of the Synod of Bishops devoted to the Middle East.
The sessions of the synod resulted in the apostolic exhortation Ecclesia in Medio
Oriente. It was signed by Pope Benedict XVI in Lebanon in 2012. Despite the fact
that the documents of the Church devoted to the Middle East were many in the
past, this adhortation was characterized by an indication of evangelization
opportunities in this area and around the world.
It was the missionary character of Ecclesia in Medio Oriente that encouraged to
undertake a dissertation indicating the universal nature of this exhortation. The
aim of the dissertation was to indicate the missionary elements of this document
both in the Middle East and in the universal scope. For a better understanding of
the intentions of Benedict XVI included in the exhortation in the first chapter of
the dissertation, its foundations were rooted in the documents of the Second
Vatican Council. The transformation in the scope of the mission that took place
at the Council was shown. Changes in this area were also continued in the
following years. That is why the dissertation presented documents related to postconciliar
missions. In particular, attention was paid to the missionary pontificate
of John Paul II. The Redemptoris missio encyclical was shown as an element that
sets the direction for the exhortation of Benedict XVI.
The next part of the work pointed to the 2010 Synod of Bishops' meeting and
their missionary character. The Lineamenta was presented as a document
preparing the ground for the synod. In connection with this, reasons for convening
the Synod were presented related to the difficult situation in the Middle East. This
part of the work also presented the Apostolic Exhortation itself, Ecclesia in Medio
Oriente. The missionary character of this document was presented as well as the
most important evangelizing factors related to the exhortation.
The third part of the dissertation showed the most important tasks related to
evangelism in accordance with the adhortation. The role of patriarchs as those
who are particularly responsible for the missionary work is presented. They are
also obliged, like all believers, to strive for unity. In connection with this,
ecumenical factors as well as those related to interreligious dialogue were shown.
The great role of the liturgy as an evangelizing factor has been shown after the
Apostolic Exhortation Ecclesia in Medio Oriente.
The Apostolic Exhortation Ecclesia in Medio Oriente presented in this way
showed evangelization opportunities in difficult, unfavorable conditions. The
document showed the need for evangelization both in the Middle East and around
the world
Iran przyjazny dla chrześcijan?
Get PDFAt present situation in the Middle East, where is di!cult situation in Iraq and Syria, lack certainty how will ending change in Egypt, South Arabia whole times support extreme musulman, there is the Iran like a protector for Christians in this land in this situation. For trying showing this possibilities in "rst part will show Iran’s history. Next in second part will show Christians history. In third part will show connect Roma with musulman from Iran. There is information in the end of article that Iran will have chance for being protector for Christians from Middle East when one will change situation in country for will be better for Christians
The Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople under Turkish rule
No full textPo pielgrzymce Papieża Franciszka do Turcji i spotkaniu z Patriarchą Ekumenicznym Konstantynopola Bartłomiejem (listopad 2014), odnotowano znaczny wzrost zainteresowania relacjami katolicko-prawosławnymi. Dlatego też wydaje się rzeczą pożądaną przyjrzenie się faktycznej sytuacji Patriarchatu Ekumenicznego Konstantynopola na terenie Turcji. W pierwszej części artykułu przedstawiono historyczny kontekst zdobycia Konstantynopola przez Turków i konsekwencje tego zdarzenia dla Patriarchatu. Następnie ukazano czas rozwoju Patriarchatu pod panowaniem tureckich sułtanów. Dwie ostatnie części prezentacji obejmują okres XX wieku z ukazaniem istotnych zmian, które – z chwilą powstania Republiki Tureckiej – doprowadziły do osłabienia znaczenia Patriarchatu. Mimo trudnych relacji z rządami Turcji, obserwuje się większe zaangażowanie Patriarchatu na rzecz ekumenizmu – zwłaszcza katolicko-prawosławnego.After Pope Francis’ pilgrimage to Turkey and a meeting with Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew of Constantinople (November 2014), there was a significant increase in interest in Catholic-Orthodox relations. Therefore, it is natural that we want to take a look at the actual situation of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople in Turkey. The first part of the article presents the historical context of the conquest of Constantinople by the Turks and the consequences of this event for the Patriarchate. Next we shown the time of the Patriarchate’s development under the rule of the Ottoman Sultans. The last two parts of the presentation cover the period of the twentieth century showing the significant changes that at the time of the creation of the Republic of Turkey led to a weakening of the importance of the Patriarchate. Despite the difficult relations with the governments of Turkey, we have observed that the Patriarchate now shows greater commitment to the ecumenical, especially the Catholic-Orthodox, movement
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Religie i pokój w Iraku
Get PDF"Teren Bliskiego Wschodu od wielu dziesięcioleci jest tym miejscem na świecie, gdzie interesy największych religii wydają się być szczególnie trudne do pogodzenia.
Zdarza się tam czasami usłyszeć stwierdzenie, iż dusza muzułmanina utkana jest z wersetów Koranu. W zasadzie wszystko, co dotyczy Koranu, było i jest tam nadal święte. Być może jest to jedno z twierdzeń, które uniemożliwia pojednanie pomiędzy religiami na tym terenie. Równocześnie jednak teologowie muzuł-mańscy przyznają, iż Koran jest dla nich tym, czym Chrystus dla chrześcijan – Słowem Bożym. Często czynią także porównanie między Marią Dziewicą a du-szą Proroka. Ona daje światu Jezusa – Słowo Boże, Prorok zaś: Koran – Słowo Allacha1. Już tylko na tym przykładzie widać pewną niejednoznaczność sytuacji religijnej, która może wystąpić na Bliskim Wschodzie." [...] (fragm.
Problemy religijne Arabii Saudyjskiej
Get PDFSaudi Arabia is a country that is often suspected to promote terrorism. The key role seems to be played by the country’s leading
ideology, i.e. Wahhabism. To find the answer on Wahhabism role in the Saudi internal and foreign
policy, the paper describes the Arabian Peninsula in its pre-Islamic times. Next the influence of
the Wahhabism on the Saudi state will be examined. Another important factor the paper deals with is
the bond of the Saudi people with Wahhabism in Saudi Arabia in the past and today
Islam in Jerusalem
No full textW ostatniej dekadzie coraz wyraźniejsza staje się ekspansja terytorialna islamu na Bliskim Wschodzie. Na terenie tym leży Jerozolima, miasto ważne dla trzech wielkich religii monoteistycznych. Na pytanie, jakie stanowisko zajmą muzułmanie w przypadku tego miasta, odpowiedź sugeruje prześledzenie losów Jerozolimy pod panowaniem islamskim. W związku z tym w pierwszej części artykułu zaprezentowano dzieje Jerozolimy przed pojawieniem się w niej islamu. Następnie przedstawiono okres pomiędzy 638 rokiem a wyprawami krzyżowymi - czas panowania islamu. Kolejna część ukazała lata wypraw krzyżowych, będące splotem dominacji islamu i chrześcijaństwa w Jerozolimie. Dalsze punkty przedstawiły historię Jerozolimy pod panowaniem tureckim oraz w czasach współczesnych.In the last ten years Islam has gained much new territory in the Near East. The one city of equal importance to all three great monotheistic religions there is Jerusalem. What Jerusalem means to Muslims is plain from the history of their rule there. The first section of this article tells about the times before the Muslim conquest of the city. The second part focuses on the Muslim rule from 638 up to the time of the crusades. The next part provides an overview of the crusades and the hard times when the reins of control over the city were passing between the hands of Muslims and Christians. It then proceeds to describe the history of Jerusalem under the Turkish rule. The final section presents the modern history of the city
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
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