1,720,959 research outputs found
Effects of Imagining Someone Else Experience a Negative Autobiographical Memory on Phenomenological Experience
No full textWe investigated whether the phenomenological experience of a negative autobiographical memory changes when the self is presumably distanced from it. In session 1, participants described and phenomenologically rated an important negative event. One week later, in session 2, they imagined and described the event as if either a similar or a dissimilar friend experienced it. Afterward, they once more rated the original event that they described in session 1. Results showed increased observer perspective and decreased vividness, accessibility, and reliving of the original event after imagining that a friend experienced it. Importantly, when the negative event was imagined as experienced by a friend, preoccupation with overwhelming emotions related to the event, the event's emotional intensity, and its centrality to identity and life story also decreased. When the imagined friend was dissimilar, the emotional valence of the memory became more positive, and the emotional distance to the memory increased.Social Science Citation Inde
Can animals think?
No full textBirçok kişi, hayvanların insanlar kadar olmasa da en azından sınırlı bir düşünce yetisine sahip olduğuna inanır. Dennett’e göre ise, hayvanların düşünebildiğini söylemek oldukça zordur. Zeki hayvan davranışları düşünmeyen yönelimsellik örnekleri olarak betimlenebilir. Bazen insanlar da düşünmeden eyleme geçer; yalnız, hayvanlardan farklı olarak insanlar bu otomatikleşmiş davranışların yerleşmesinden önce uzun ve bilinçli bir öğrenme sürecinden geçerler. Dennett, hayvan düşüncesi karşıtı fikirlerini geliştirdikten sonra hayvan düşüncesini destekleyen köklü fikirleri rahatsız etmek için bu fikirleri geliştirdiğini itiraf eder (Dennett 1996). Yalnız, Dennett’in seçtiği örnekler ve geliştirdiği argümanlar makul bir şüpheyi yerleştirmeye çalışırken beklenmedik sorunlar çıkarır. Örnekler ağırlıklı olarak işlemsel bellek süreçleriyle ilgili örneklerdir; halbuki hayvanların düşünüp düşünemediği ile ilgili bir şüphe yaratmak için bakılması gereken süreçler işlemsel bellek süreçleri değil, olaysal bellek süreçleridir. Ayrıca, Dennett’in iddiasının aksine, insanlarda da her işlemsel bellek sürecinin öncesinde bilinçli bir öğrenme süreci gerekmemektedir. Özetle, hayvanların düşünmesi konusundaki şüphecilik hala haklı olabilir, ancak bu Dennett’in öne sürdüğü nedenler ve en çok tercih ettiği örnekler yüzünden değil, başka nedenlerden dolayıdır. Bizim görüşümüze göre ise, şu andaki veriler doğrultusunda kesin olarak hayvanların ne düşünebildiği ne de düşünemediği söylenebilir.While not as much as humans, many believe that animals have at least a limited capacity for thought. According to Dennett, it is very problematic to assert that animals are capable of thinking. Intelligent animal behaviors can be described as instances of unthinking intentionality. Sometimes people act without thinking, but unlike animals, humans go through a prolonged and conscious learning process before those automatic behaviors become established. Dennett, having developed his ideas opposing animal thinking, confesses that he aimed to disturb some of the deeply rooted views supporting animal thinking (Dennett 1996). Still, Dennett's chosen examples and developed arguments present unexpected issues when trying to establish a reasonable doubt. The examples primarily focus on procedural memory processes, yet, to cast doubt about whether animals think, the focus should be on episodic memory processes, not procedural memory processes. Furthermore, not all procedural memory processes, contrary to Dennett's view, require conscious process of learning beforehand in humans. In summary, the skepticism regarding animal thinking may still be warranted, not because of Dennett’s reasons and examples Dennett favors most, but for other reasons. In our opinion, based on the current data, it is not possible to state definitely whether animals can think or cannot think
Can language of thought hypothesis provide a solution to the problems of lingusitic context dependency in memory?
No full textBilgi bellekte soyutlanmış bir şekilde kodlanıp geri getirilmez. Bağlamıyla birlikte kodlanır ve aynı bağlamın geri getirilme aşamasında da var olması bellek performansını iyileştirir. Bu durum bellekte bağlam bağımlılığı olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Bellek araştırmalarında çevresel, fizyolojik, psikolojik ve dilsel bağlam bağımlılığı etkileri ortaya konulmuştur. Smith ve Vela tarafından 2001 yılında yapılmış olan bir metaanaliz, bellekte çevresel bağlam bağımlılığı etkisini incelemiştir. Metaanalizin hipotezlerinin ardında yatan düşünce, çevresel bağlam bağımlılığı etkisinin, içgörüsel düşünceye yönelmenin söz konusu olduğu durumlarda azalacağıdır. Bu çalışmada, bu düşünce dilsel bağlam bağımlılığına uygulanarak metaanalizin hipotezleri bir kez daha yorumlanmıştır. Dilsel bağlamın çevresel bağlamdan farklı olduğu iddia edilerek hipotezlerin dilsel bağlama uyarlanmasında karşılaşılan sorunlar dile getirilmiştir. Son olarak, Fodor’un Düşünce Dili Hipotezi bu problemleri çözmeye yardımcı olabilecek genel bir düşünsel çerçeve olarak sunulmuş ve bellekte dilsel bağlam bağımlığı için yeni bir açıklama ortaya atılmıştır.Information is not encoded and retrieved in isolation in memory. It is encoded along with its context, and the presence of the same context at retrieval aids memory performance. This is referred to as context dependency in memory. Environmental, physiological, psychological and linguistic context dependency effects are evident in memory research. A metanalysis was conducted by Smith and Vela in 2001 to investigate the magnitude of environmental context dependency effects in memory. The underlying idea for the hypotheses of the metaanalysis is that in conditions in which one is directed to introspective thought, the magnitude of environmental context dependency effects will be reduced. In the present study, we apply this idea to linguistic context dependency, and reconsider the hypotheses of the metaanalysis. We argue that linguistic context is different from environmental context and present the problems in applications of the hypotheses to linguistic context dependency. Eventually, we propose Fodor’s Language of Thought Hypothesis as a broader framework which can be helpful in solving these problems and present an alternative explanation for linguistic context dependency in memory
Can language of thought hypothesis provide a solution to the problems of lingusitic context dependency in memory?
No full textBilgi bellekte soyutlanmış bir şekilde kodlanıp geri getirilmez. Bağlamıyla birlikte kodlanır ve aynı bağlamın geri getirilme aşamasında da var olması bellek performansını iyileştirir. Bu durum bellekte bağlam bağımlılığı olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Bellek araştırmalarında çevresel, fizyolojik, psikolojik ve dilsel bağlam bağımlılığı etkileri ortaya konulmuştur. Smith ve Vela tarafından 2001 yılında yapılmış olan bir metaanaliz, bellekte çevresel bağlam bağımlılığı etkisini incelemiştir. Metaanalizin hipotezlerinin ardında yatan düşünce, çevresel bağlam bağımlılığı etkisinin, içgörüsel düşünceye yönelmenin söz konusu olduğu durumlarda azalacağıdır. Bu çalışmada, bu düşünce dilsel bağlam bağımlılığına uygulanarak metaanalizin hipotezleri bir kez daha yorumlanmıştır. Dilsel bağlamın çevresel bağlamdan farklı olduğu iddia edilerek hipotezlerin dilsel bağlama uyarlanmasında karşılaşılan sorunlar dile getirilmiştir. Son olarak, Fodor’un Düşünce Dili Hipotezi bu problemleri çözmeye yardımcı olabilecek genel bir düşünsel çerçeve olarak sunulmuş ve bellekte dilsel bağlam bağımlığı için yeni bir açıklama ortaya atılmıştır.Information is not encoded and retrieved in isolation in memory. It is encoded along with its context, and the presence of the same context at retrieval aids memory performance. This is referred to as context dependency in memory. Environmental, physiological, psychological and linguistic context dependency effects are evident in memory research. A metanalysis was conducted by Smith and Vela in 2001 to investigate the magnitude of environmental context dependency effects in memory. The underlying idea for the hypotheses of the metaanalysis is that in conditions in which one is directed to introspective thought, the magnitude of environmental context dependency effects will be reduced. In the present study, we apply this idea to linguistic context dependency, and reconsider the hypotheses of the metaanalysis. We argue that linguistic context is different from environmental context and present the problems in applications of the hypotheses to linguistic context dependency. Eventually, we propose Fodor’s Language of Thought Hypothesis as a broader framework which can be helpful in solving these problems and present an alternative explanation for linguistic context dependency in memory
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Reduced False Memory in the Second Language of Turkish-English Bilinguals
No full textIn the Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) paradigm, studying a list of semantically related words leads to false memory for the critical non-studied word that is related to all the words in the study list. Previous studies questioning whether bilinguals are more prone to false memory in their first language (L1) or second language (L2) in the DRM paradigm revealed mixed results. The present study investigated the same question with Turkish-English bilinguals. The revised hierarchical model proposes that the link between the lexicon and the semantic system is weaker in L2 than in L1, suggesting that false memory in the DRM paradigm that relies on semantic relatedness would be higher in L1 than in L2. Furthermore, previous studies showed that L2 is more resistant to errors in decision-making when the two languages are dissimilar, but not when they are similar, and Turkish and English are historically distant and typologically dissimilar languages. We tested Turkish-English bilingual participants whose L1 is Turkish with Turkish and English DRM word lists that had similar prior norms for generating false recognition. In the recognition test, some of the studied items and the critical non-studied items were presented and participants identified the studied items. False recognition for the critical non-studied items was lower and correct recognition for studied items was higher in L2 than in L1. The results suggest that L2 is more resistant to false memory due to its weaker lexicon and semantic system associations, at least when the two languages spoken by the bilingual are dissimilar.Scientific Research Projects Commission of Bahcesehir Universit
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
- …
