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The Importance of the Sanitary Protection Zone of the Raw Water Reservoir Using the Example of Lake Ülemiste
No full textSanitaarkaitsealad on kehtestatud joogiveeallikate kaitseks, et tagada joogivee kvaliteet ja vältida veevarude reostumist. Kaitsevööndid ja sanitaarkaitsealad on sätestatud veeseaduses Euroopa Liidu veepoliitika raamdirektiivi (VRD) alusel. Sanitaarkaitseala on määratletud maa- ja veealana, mis ümbritseb joogivee võtmiseks või tootmiseks kasutatavat veehaaret ning seal kehtivad ulatuslikud piirangud joogiveehaarde kaitseks. Vee kvaliteet ei tohiks halveneda määral, mis põhjustaks joogivee töötlemise kulude olulist tõusu. Selleks on Ülemiste järve sanitaarkaitseala täielikult suletud, võimaldades ainult piiratud juurdepääsu neile, kes teostavad seal seiret või hooldustöid.
Antud sanitaarkaitseala on oluline mitte ainult vee kvaliteedi kaitseks, vaid ka ökosüsteemi säilitamiseks. Piiratud juurdepääs Ülemiste järve ümbrusele on aidanud säilitada looduslikku metsa, mis toimib tõhusa puhvrina õhusaaste eest, vähendades liiklusest tulenevat saastekoormust. Kui sanitaarkaitseala avada, suureneks risk vee kvaliteedi halvenemiseks ja metsa ökosüsteemi kahjustamiseks. Inimtegevus, näiteks maastikuratastega sõitmine, jalgsimatkad või koeraga jalutamine, võivad põhjustada pinnase erosiooni ja suurendada reostuskoormust järvele, häirides samal ajal ka loomi, kes seal paiknevad.
Kuigi Ülemiste järv on rangelt kaitstud, mõjutavad seda siiski teatud inimtegevusest tulenevad tegurid. Tallinna Lennujaam ja suure liiklusintensiivsusega sõiduteede lähedus suurendavad õhusaaste riski. Lisaks suubuvad Ülemiste järve veekogud, kuhu juhitakse sademe- ja kuivendusvett, mille ümber suunamiseks ei ole seni leitud püsivat lahendust.
Lõputöö eesmärgiks oli välja selgitada Ülemiste järve sanitaarkaitseala tähtsus joogivee kvaliteedi säilitamisel, tuues välja võimalikud ohud kaitseala avamisel ning võrrelda Ülemiste järve vee kvaliteeti teiste järvedega, kus inimtegevus on erineval määral lubatud. Töö käigus analüüsiti füüsikalis-keemilisi näitajaid Harku järves, Soodla ja Paunküla veehoidlates ning võrreldi neid Ülemiste järvega, et hinnata sanitaarkaitseala mõju vee kvaliteedile.
Võrdlusanalüüsi tulemused näitasid, et Harku järves olid mitmed näitajad nagu toitainete sisaldus (üldfosfor ja -lämmastik) oluliselt kõrgemad kui Ülemiste järves, viidates inimtegevuse suuremale mõjule. Näiteks oli Harku järve BHT mediaanväärtus 7,3 mgO2/l, mis viitab orgaanilisele reostusele, samas kui Ülemiste järves oli BHT tase palju madalam (mediaan 2,65 mgO2/l) ja stabiilsem. Samuti oli hõljuvainete sisalduses näha, et Harku järves oli see väga varieeruv võrreldes Ülemiste järvega, mis viitab sellele, et sanitaarkaitseala aitab hoida stabiilsemat veekeskkonda. Lisaks leiti, et Harku järve mitmete kvaliteedinäitajate puhul esines üks või enam äärmusväärtust, mis viitavad tõenäoliselt inimtegevusest põhjustatud ajutisele reostusele.
Paunküla ja Soodla veehoidlate võrdlus Ülemiste järvega näitas mitmeid erinevusi pH, elektrijuhtivuse, lahustunud hapniku, ammooniumi ja üldfosfori sisalduses. Kuigi Ülemiste järves oli pH stabiilsem ja ammooniumi sisaldus madalam, esines ka kõrgeid NH4+ äärmusväärtusi, mis võib tuleneda sinna suubuvatest veekogudest. Elektrijuhtivus oli Ülemiste järves kõrgem, mis viitab suuremale soolade ja mineraalide sisaldusele. Ka lahustunud hapniku sisaldus oli järves kõrgem kui veehoidlates, mis on soodne sealsele vee-elustikule. Üldfosfori kontsentratsioon oli veehoidlates veidi madalam kui Ülemiste järves, kuid kõigi veekogude fosforisisaldus jäi siiski alla 0,06 mg/l (v.a Paunküla veehoidla üks äärmusväärtus). Võrdlusest võib järeldada, et sanitaarkaitseala piirangud aitavad Ülemiste järvel säilitada stabiilsemat vee kvaliteeti, kuigi veekogu omadused (toitaineterikas mudakiht), linnakeskkond ja välisõhu koormus avaldavad siiski teatud näitajatele negatiivset mõju.
Lõputöö tulemused kinnitavad, et suletud sanitaarkaitseala on tõhus meede toor- ja joogivee kvaliteedi tagamiseks. Kaitseala piirangute leevendamine või avamine võib suurendada reostusriski, mis põhjustaks joogivee puhastamise kulude tõusu. Kuna Ülemiste järvel puudub alternatiivne veehaare, on sanitaarkaitseala piirangud hädavajalikud Tallinna ja lähiümbruse elanike veega varustamiseks. Lisaks suurendavad kliimamuutustest tingitud pikemad põuaperioodid survet olemasolevatele veevarudele, nagu on juhtunud nii Soodla kui ka Paunküla veehoidlaga, kus põuaperioodil veevajadus ületas kohalike ressursside võimekuse, mistõttu langes sealne veetase väga madalaks. Seega on puhta joogivee tagamiseks ja veevarude säilitamiseks oluline hoida Ülemiste järve ümbrust suletuna. Kaitseala säilitamine aitab kaitsta ka sealseid looduskooslusi ja ökosüsteemi mitmekesisust. Lõputöös seatud eesmärk saavutati ja uurimisülesanded said täidetud.Water quality has become a significant global environmental concern due to limited freshwater resources and their vulnerability to pollution. Surface water bodies, such as lakes and reservoirs, play a crucial role in providing drinking water and supporting biodiversity conservation. However, these resources are increasingly threatened by human activities, such as agriculture, industry, and urbanization, which can lead to water contamination and degradation.
Lake Ülemiste is the main source of drinking water for the cities of Tallinn and Maardu, supplying over 90% of the population with potable water. To protect this vital water source, a strict sanitary protection zone has been established around the lake, where all public access and activities are prohibited, except for essential monitoring and maintenance work. Nevertheless, debates over opening the area to public access have persisted over the years. In 2013, the “Ülemiste vabaks” movement was launched, advocating for better public access, including plans for a lakeside promenade. However, these proposals were rejected due to concerns from the Health Board and environmental specialists, who emphasized the risk of water contamination and the potential negative impact of increased human activity on water quality.
The aim of this thesis is to assess the importance of the sanitary protection zone around Lake Ülemiste and to examine the potential impacts of human activities on water quality if the area were to be opened. The study also compared the water quality of Lake Ülemiste with other bodies of water, including Lake Harku, Soodla, and Paunküla reservoirs, where varying levels of human activity are permitted.
To achieve these goals, the study was divided into two parts. The first part provided an overview of the legal framework regulating sanitary protection zones, as well as the ecological and environmental impacts of human activities on lakes. The second part consisted of a quantitative analysis comparing the physicochemical indicators of water quality between Lake Ülemiste and the other selected water bodies.
The results showed that the water quality of Lake Ülemiste is generally more stable compared to Lake Harku, which is more exposed to human activities. Key indicators such as ammonium (NH4+), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), suspended solids, chloride, and nutrient concentrations (phosphorus and nitrogen) were significantly higher in Lake Harku. For instance, the median BOD level in Lake Harku was 7,3 mgO2/l, reflecting greater organic pollution, whereas in Lake Ülemiste, the BOD level was significantly lower at 2,65 mgO2/l. Additionally, Lake Harku showed extreme values in several water quality indicators, indicating temporary pollution events likely caused by human activities.
Comparisons with the Soodla and Paunküla reservoirs also revealed notable differences in water quality. Although temperature and total nitrogen levels were similar across all water bodies, Lake Ülemiste showed greater stability in pH and generally lower ammonium concentrations. However, it also exhibited several high ammonium (NH4+) outliers, likely due to external pollution sources such as inflowing water bodies that carry runoff from surrounding urbanized areas. The reservoirs are located in sparsely populated regions compared to Tallinn, resulting in a lower impact from human activities. Additionally, Lake Ülemiste had higher electrical conductivity. The dissolved oxygen levels were higher in Lake Ülemiste, which is beneficial for aquatic life; however, the reservoirs had slightly lower phosphorus levels compared to Lake Ülemiste, though phosphorus concentrations in all water bodies remained below 0,06 mg/l, except for one outlier in Paunküla reservoir.
The findings confirm the critical role of the sanitary protection zone in maintaining the drinking water quality of Lake Ülemiste. Reducing protection measures or allowing public access to the area could substantially increase contamination risks, leading to higher water treatment costs and jeopardizing the drinking water supply for Tallinn and its surrounding regions. As there are no alternative water sources, upholding these protective measures is essential to ensure a stable and sustainable water supply, especially in the context of increasing pressures from climate change. Climate change is expected to worsen these challenges through more frequent and intense droughts and shifts in precipitation patterns, which may further strain water resources. In addition to safeguarding water quality, the sanitary protection zone also supports the preservation of surrounding ecosystems. This protective barrier prevents pollution from human activities, ensuring a reliable and safe drinking water source for the region
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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