100,894 research outputs found
Fat and non-absorbable fat and the regulation of food intake
No full textThe effects of consumption of meals with differences in energy-, fat-, protein-, carbohydrate-content, and physical state on subsequent dietary intake and feelings of appetite, were investigated in eight different studies. The main objective was to study whether or not humans compensate for the covert and overt energy differences, obtained by replacement of fat by a fat-replacer, in both the short (1 day) and long term (12 days). As fat-replacer the non-absorbable sucrose polyester (SPE) was used. A second objective was to investigate some methodological issues of research on food intake regulation.In normal weight men and women little compensation was found for the energy differences after the different meals. In all eight studies, mean energy compensation was less than 50% for both men and women, with an average for all studies of 14%, based upon a meta-analysis. No substantial differences in the level of energy compensation were found between men and women, or between the short and long term studies.Independent of the level of energy compensation, no macronutrient specific compensation was found. This means that the macronutrient composition of the subsequent dietary intake was similar after each meal manipulation. As a result the consumption of SPE lead to a decrease in daily fat intake.When artificial products (i.e. unidentifiable formula products) were given to the subjects, lower energy levels resulted in higher hunger ratings. When the energy manipulations were carried out with normal food products, small or no differences in feelings of appetite were found.The three macronutrients (fat, carbohydrate, protein) were equally satiating, and solid products were more satiating than liquid products.It is concluded that normal weight men and women do not, or poorly recognize covert energy differences between meals, and poorly adjust their food intake of subsequent meals after both covert and overt energy manipulations. Therefore the replacement of fat by a non-absorbable fat-replacer such as SPE can help to reduce both the daily energy and fat intake in normal weight humans.</p
Taalkunde in de klas? [Bespreking van: H. Hulshof, T. Hendrix (1996) Kennis over taal en taalverschijnselen: omgaan met taalkundige onderwerpen in de klas]
No full textLetter, [Author unclear] to Paulina T. Merritt
No full textHandwritten letter to Paulina Merritt from an unknown author, October 1, 1876.
Weight management in the digital age
No full text[Extract] This symposium was chaired by Dr Toine Hulshof (Kellogg's Europe) who introduced the topic by giving a whirlwind tour through dieting strategies since the 1970s. Forty years ago, losing weight was all about pills, followed in the 1980s by strenuous exercise, but now it is mostly about a healthy lifestyle and positive nutrition. Since the Internet now plays a huge role in our daily lives, how can this new global tool impact weight management strategies today
An updated review of epidemiologic studies on the relationship between exposure to whole-body vibration and low back pain
No full textThe aim of this study is to update the information on the epidemiologic evidence of the adverse health effects of whole-body vibration (WBV) on the spinal system by means of a review of the epidemiologic studies published between 1986 and 1997. In a systematic search, using several databases, of epidemiologic studies of low back pain (LBP) disorders and occupations with exposure to WBV, 45 articles were retrieved. The quality of each study was evaluated according to criteria concerning the assessment of vibration exposure, assessment of health effects, and methodology. The epidemiologic studies reaching an adequate score on each of the above-mentioned criteria were included in the final review. A meta-analysis was also conducted in order to combine the results of independent epidemiologic studies. After applying the selection criteria, 17 articles reporting the occurrence of LBP disorders in 22 WBV-exposed occupational groups reached a sufficient score. The study design was cross-sectional for 13 occupational groups, longitudinal for four groups and of case-control type for one group. Two studies included both cross-sectional and follow-up data on the occurrence of LBP disorders in four occupational groups. The main reasons for the exclusion of studies were insufficient quantitative information on WBV exposure and the lack of control groups. The findings of the selected studies and the results of the meta-analysis of both cross-sectional and cohort studies showed that occupational exposure to WBV is associated with an increased risk for LBP, sciatic pain, and degenerative changes in the spinal system, including lumbar intervertebral disc disorders. Owing to the cross-sectional design of the majority of the reviewed studies, this epidemiologic evidence is not sufficient to outline a clear exposure-response relationship between WBV exposure and LBP disorders. Comparing the epidemiologic studies included in this review with those conducted before 1986, it is concluded that research design and the quality of exposure and health effect data in the field of WBV have improved in the last decad
Handwritten biographical information on Paulina T. McClung Merritt
No full textA handwritten biography of Paulina T. McClung Merritt by an unknown author, 1892.
Heterogeneous and tissue-specific regulation of effector T cell responses by IFN-gamma during Plasmodium berghei ANKA infection.
Get PDFIFN-γ and T cells are both required for the development of experimental cerebral malaria during Plasmodium berghei ANKA infection. Surprisingly, however, the role of IFN-γ in shaping the effector CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell response during this infection has not been examined in detail. To address this, we have compared the effector T cell responses in wild-type and IFN-γ(-/-) mice during P. berghei ANKA infection. The expansion of splenic CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells during P. berghei ANKA infection was unaffected by the absence of IFN-γ, but the contraction phase of the T cell response was significantly attenuated. Splenic T cell activation and effector function were essentially normal in IFN-γ(-/-) mice; however, the migration to, and accumulation of, effector CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells in the lung, liver, and brain was altered in IFN-γ(-/-) mice. Interestingly, activation and accumulation of T cells in various nonlymphoid organs was differently affected by lack of IFN-γ, suggesting that IFN-γ influences T cell effector function to varying levels in different anatomical locations. Importantly, control of splenic T cell numbers during P. berghei ANKA infection depended on active IFN-γ-dependent environmental signals--leading to T cell apoptosis--rather than upon intrinsic alterations in T cell programming. To our knowledge, this is the first study to fully investigate the role of IFN-γ in modulating T cell function during P. berghei ANKA infection and reveals that IFN-γ is required for efficient contraction of the pool of activated T cells
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
Pelevin’s Trinity in the novel “t”: author – protagonist – reader
No full textThe article attempts to interpret Pelevin's artistic strategy in the novel "T" by exploring its subject organization and addressing the key problems of the author, the protagonist, and the reader as they are seen by the researcher. The article analyzes the peculiarities of constructing the narrative reality in the novel "T", and goes on to discuss Pelevin's philosophic models of the development of the humankind, and the emergence of his new anthropology
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