21 research outputs found
Review Of The Intelligence Of Dogs: Canine Consciousness And Capabilities By S. Coren
No full textCoren has written an entertaining and highly readable treatment of the mental abilities of domestic dogs, using the theory and techniques of human intelligence testing. Although written by a social scientist, the book is not a scholarly analysis of data on the performance of animals in standardized tests. Breeds recognized by the American Kennel Club are ranked on the basis of questionnaires and interviews with obedience trial judges. Evaluation of the different types of canine intelligence is accomplished by the author\u27s personal observation as a dog trainer and by lively anecdotes. Chapters also treat the intelligence and cognitive abilities of animals, how to give one\u27s dog intelligence and personality tests, and suggestions for improving the performance of a dog. There are no references to the large literature on animal intelligence, although there is a brief suggested reading section and an index. There are several older engravings of breeds of dogs and helpful line drawings showing dog communication and testing systems. General; graduate through professional
Educational exposure, visual perspective in mental imagery, and cooperation among the Hadza
No full textAuthors: Shelby Weathers*, Duncan Stibbard Hawkes, Endeko Endeko, Ibrahim Mabulla, and Coren Apicella
*Corresponding Author
When generating a mental image — recalling a memory or imagining a future event — one may visualize the scene in first-person or third-person perspective. Research on perspective in mental imagery has been conducted primarily with undergraduates in Western and East Asian rich, industrialized countries with high levels of media exposure and universal participation in education. However, recent work with rural communities has demonstrated that technological exposure can alter self-perception (Thornborrow, et. al., 2022). This study explores whether the Hadza, a mixed subsistence population in Tanzania who have relatively little exposure to photos, videos, and mirrors, show patterns in perspective when visualizing the past that differ from the current literature, and whether exposure to formal education alongside the accompanying increased exposure to both pictographic and other visual media is related to a change in visual perspective in mental imagery among the Hadza.
Previous work on perspective in mental imagery has demonstrated that taking a third-person perspective can increase intentions to engage in cooperative behaviors such as voting (Libby et al., 2007), recycling (Zhang et al., 2021), and interacting with a member of a stigmatized group (Crisp & Husnu, 2011). An additional aim of this study is to investigate whether there is a relationship between the perspective an individually naturally uses in recall and their tendency for cooperative behavior.
References
Crisp, R. J., & Husnu, S. (2011). Attributional processes underlying imagined contact effects. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 14(2), 275–287. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430210390721
Libby, L. K., Shaeffer, E. M., Eibach, R. P., & Slemmer, J. A. (2007). Picture Yourself at the Polls: Visual Perspective in Mental Imagery Affects Self-Perception and Behavior. Psychological Science, 18(3), 199–203. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01872.x
Thornborrow, T., Evans, E. H., Tovee, M. J., & Boothroyd, L. G. (2022). Sociocultural drivers of body image and eating disorder risk in rural Nicaraguan women. Journal of Eating Disorders, 10(1), 1-16.
Zhang, J., Zhao, L., & Hu, S. (2021). Visualizing recycling: Promoting recycling through mental simulation. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 174, 105783. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.10578
Samuel Hopkins Adams, his Novel, Revelry, and the Reputation of Warren G. Harding
No full textIn November 1926, Samuel Hopkins Adams\u27s novel of Washington politics, Revelry, appeared. Since its central character is an American President easily identifiable as the late Warren G. Harding, it created a great stir. Adams\u27s characterization of Harding was sympathetic, but also uncomplimentary, suggesting several negative personal attributes. A controversy over the appropriateness of Adams\u27s behavior ensued. In the press, Adams was either lauded for telling the truth about Harding or condemned for his bad taste in maligning the President, who died in 1923.
Papers of Samuel Hopkins Adams preserved in the Bird Library of Syracuse University, reveal that the author and his publisher made careful plans to launch the book and relished the resulting controversy. The papers illuminate the processes involved in a book\u27s production, publication, and promotion
Ocular dominance and subjective color perception: a study using the Fechner-Benham Visual Illusion
No full textPast research has demonstrated differences in visual processing between the dominant, or preferred eye, and the non-dominant, or less preferred eye. Researchers have accounted for these differences according to either physiological mechanisms (Porac & Coren, 1976) or behavioral preferences (Mapp, Ono, & Barbeito, 2003). The behavioral preferences account can be eliminated by examining how the eyes process visual illusions which are not expected to be influenced by prior experiences. One particular illusion, the Fechner-Benham Color Illusion, involves disks featuring black and white designs which, when rotated, produce the illusion of various subjective colors within the disks (Rosenblum, Anderson, & Purple, 1981). It was hypothesized that when viewing the Fechner-Benham Illusion with the nondominant eye, participants would exhibit longer latencies for the onset of color andwould report fewer colors compared to viewing with the dominant eye and with binocular vision. The underlying physiological mechanisms that are often regarded in subjective color perception are either described high in the visual information hierarchy, in a neurophysiological site, thus eliminating the retinal level (Rhollec & Vi�not, 1999;Robinson, 1896). Or, antagonistically, they are described as taking place within theretina in terms of an uneven distribution of photoreceptor cells (Jarvis, 1977).College Honors
ANÁLISIS DE LA PRODUCCIÓN CIENTÍFICA DE LOS ENFERMEROS DE MINAS GERAIS PUBLICADA EN PERIÓDICOS DE ENFERMERÍA
No full textTrata-se de um estudo descritivo, exploratório e retrospectivo sobre a produção científica dos enfermeiros de Minas Gerais publicada em periódicos de enfermagem do BDENF, de 1989 a 1998. Teve como objetivo analisar a produção científica dos enfermeiros mineiros em periódicos nacionais de enfermagem que compõem o BDENF, 5613 nomes de enfermeiros cadastrados no COREn/MG, foram lançados neste banco, com a intenção de encontrar os autores e suas produções. Encontramos 54 autores e 87 publicações e a média de publicação por autor foi de 1,6. Os autores e co-autores que produzem e divulgam são docentes, com seus pares de titulação.This is a descriptive, exploratory and retrospective study on the scientific production by nurses from Minas Gerais in BDENF Nursing journals from 1989 to 1998. The main objective was to characterize the scientific production by nurses from Minas Gerais published in the national nursing journals which comprise the BDENF. The names of 5.613 nurses from the records of COREn/MG were included in the database in order to find authors and their writings. Fifty-four authors and 87 writings were found with an average of 1.6 writings per author. The authors and co-authors who produce and publish are university professors working in collaboration with their peers.Se trata de un estudio descriptivo, exploratorio y retrospectivo sobre la producción científica de los enfermeros del Estado de Minas Gerais en Revistas nacionales de enfermería que componen. el (banco de datos de enfermería). BDENF. 5613 nombres de enfermeros registrados en el Consejo Regional De Enfermería/Minas Gerais - COREn/MG, fueron colocados en éste banco, con la intención de encontrar los autores y su producción. Encontramos 54 autores y 87 publicaciones, el promedio de publicación por fue de 1,6. Los autores y coautores que producen y divulgan son docentes, con sus pares de titulación
Home and community based parenting support programmes and interventions: report of Workpackage 2 of the DataPrev project
No full textThe last decade has witnessed an increasing interest in the promotion of mental health and wellbeing because of its importance for health and social functioning at the individual level and for the social and economic wellbeing of societies. Recent research from a range of disciplines has highlighted the importance of the quality of the parent-child relationships and parenting on children‟s emotional and social development, and on adult mental health and wellbeing. Intervention studies involving children of all age groups have shown that if parenting can be influenced for the better outcomes can be changed.
The DataPrev project was funded by the 6th Framework of the European Community Research Programme under Policy-Orientated Research with the aim of establishing a database of evidence-based programmes in Europe that promote mental health and wellbeing and prevent mental illness throughout the life course.
This is the report of the Workpackage 2 describing the international evidence base on programmes to support parenting, including home and community based programmes
An examination of the impacts of volunteering and community contribution at a community festival through the lens of the Five Ways to Wellbeing
No full textThe aim of this study was to examine the perceptions, motivations and wellbeing impacts for volunteers and contributors to Broadstairs Folk Week. The study utilised questionnaires with a mix of quantitative and qualitative measures, within a single cohort (n = 152). Analysis was conducted using IBM SPSS 24 to produce descriptive statistics, and cross-tabulations were used to interrogate key variables. NVivo 11 software was used to analyse qualitative comments. A thematic analysis (thematic development) approach further identified codes and themes that fitted well with the Five Ways to Wellbeing (Aked, J., Marks, N., Cordon, C. and Thompson, S. (2008). Five ways to wellbeing: a report presented to the Foresight Project on communicating the evidence base for improving people's well-being, New Economics Foundation. Retrieved from https://b.3cdn.net/nefoundation/8984c5089d5c2285ee_t4m6bhqq5.pdf). Findings demonstrate that older-adult festival volunteers had a higher sense of subjective wellbeing prior to the festival than might ordinarily be expected in a similar group. Participants reported their sense of wellbeing increased during the festival. The Five Ways to Wellbeing model is suggested as a useful way to frame the results, linking a sense of 'connection' and 'giving' as participant motivators. This paper argues that festival volunteers derive personal benefits, including sense of connection and reciprocity, and access to resources with potential health and wellbeing benefits. This may be beneficial to the public health agenda of community development, reducing isolation and supporting healthy ageing. The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s42413-021-00154-2. [Abstract copyright: © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021.
Spatial Localization and Auditory Lateralization: Binaural Cues and Their Absence
No full text In 1990 Cheatham suggested there might be a right-ear advantage for the perception of speech and music for right-handed individuals, which confirms Kinsbourne's observation of a general right-ear advantage. These findings, however, contrast with Segalowitz and Plantery's work that supports attentional bias in lateralized processing of these stimuli. The attentional bias model has also been criticized by Bryden on the basis of its circularity. At present there has not been sufficient evidence to settle this debate empirically. The author suggests that the controversy may best be resolved by disentangling the folklore surrounding spatial localization and auditory lateralization to reexamine this field in light of recent empirical findings by Bryden and by Porac, Coren, and Duncan, who inferred an inherent rightward bias to many kinds of stimulation, including auditory, in right-handed individuals. The present focus is that Cheatham's 1990 data lend themselves more readily to the rightward bias that occurs in right-handed subjects and not to previous structural or attentional models. </jats:p
The effectiveness of psychosocial interventions for reducing problematic substance use, mental ill health, and housing instability in people experiencing homelessness in high income countries: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
No full textBackground: Adults experiencing homelessness in high income countries often also face issues of problematic substance use, mental ill health, in addition to housing instability, so it is important to understand what interventions might help address these issues. While there is growing evidence of the effectiveness of psychosocial interventions for the general population, limited evidence exists specifically for those experiencing homelessness. Objectives: To summarise the existing evidence of whether psychosocial interventions work in reducing problematic substance use, mental ill health, and housing instability for adults experiencing homelessness in high income countries. Search Methods: We used searches undertaken for the Homelessness Effectiveness Evidence and Gap Map (EGM) 5th edition. These were supplemented with hand searches of key journals and a call for evidence. Selection Criteria: We included all Randomised Control Trials and non‐randomised studies where a comparison group was used and which examined psychosocial interventiONS for adults experiencing homelessness. ‘Psychosocial intervention’ is a broad term and covers several interventions, including cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), contingency management, and motivational interviewing. We focused on studies that measure at least one of three outcomes: reduction in problematic substance use (alcohol and/or drugs); reduction in mental ill‐health; reduction in housing instability. Data Collection and Analysis: For included studies sourced from the EGM, we used the risk of bias assessments reported in the EGM. For included studies sourced from our own searches, we used the same tools used in the EGM to undertake our own assessments. We carried out meta‐analysis where possible, and where not possible, presented included studies narratively. Findings: We included 26 papers covering 23 individual intervention studies. All of the included studies were from the United States. Of the 26 papers, 14 were assessed as having medium or high risk of bias, with main issues being lack of masking/blinding, lack of power calculations, and high levels of drop‐out. Effectiveness of Psychosocial Interventions: We found that psychosocial interventions overall were better than standard care (−0.25 SD, 95% confidence intervals [CI] [−0.36, −0.13]). This finding covered six different interventions and was subject to a high level of between‐study differences (heterogeneity). We also found that psychosocial interventions were more effective than standard care in relation to all three of our outcomes of interest, although were statistically significant only for substance abuse and mental ill‐health. For substance use, we found an average effect size of (−0.34 SD, 95% CI [−0.48, −0.21]); for mental ill health of (−0.18 SD, 95% CI [−0.34, −0.01]); and for housing instability of (−0.10 SD, 95% [−0.90, 0.70]). Effectiveness of Individual Psychosocial Interventions: We were able to undertake five meta‐analyses (statistical summaries) with respect to four types of intervention: CBT, Contingency Management, Motivational Interviewing, and Brief Motivational Interventions, in relation to specific outcomes. Of these five analyses, we found significant effects for the effectiveness of Contingency Management in reducing problematic substance use (−0.49 SD, 95% CI [−0.85, −0.14]), and of Motivational Interviewing in reducing mental ill‐health (−0.19 SD, 95% CI [−0.26, −0.12]). We also found non‐significant effects in relation to CBT and reducing mental ill health (−0.30 SD, 95% CI [−0.61, 0.002]), Motivational Interviewing and reducing problematic substance use (−0.27 SD, 95% CI [−0.56, 0.01]), and Brief Motivational Interventions and reducing problematic substance use (−0.24 SD, 95% CI [−0.61, 0.13]). Meta‐analysis was not possible for any other interventions or outcomes. Author Conclusions: This systematic review sought to understand the effectiveness of psychosocial interventions for adults in high income countries experiencing homelessness, for reducing problematic substance use, reducing mental ill‐health, and increasing housing stability. The review shows potential benefits of these interventions, with some encouraging results for some interventions and outcomes. Where we could calculate effect sizes, these were often small and, in many cases, crossed the line of no effect (i.e., there is a chance that they are equally or less effective than treatment as usual). Significant heterogeneity between studies and high rates of drop‐out in many studies reduces the confidence in the interventions. There are some limitations with the evidence base. The included studies were entirely from the United States. There was a clear gender bias in the included studies, with nearly two‐thirds of participants being men. (This is despite 4 of the 26 included studies focusing on women only.) We also found that the theoretical basis for the approach of interventions was not sufficiently considered, so it was difficult to understand why the intervention expected the outcomes they measured. Finally, many of the studies included were assessed as having high or medium risk of bias
The olympic games and raising sport participation: A systematic review of evidence and an interrogation of policy for a demonstration effect.
No full text"This is an Accepted Manuscript of an article published by Taylor & Francis in European Sport Management Quarterly on 28/01/2015, available online: http://wwww.tandfonline.com/10.1080/16184742.2014.998695."Research questions: Can a demonstration effect, whereby people are inspired by elite sport, sports people and events to actively participate themselves, be harnessed from an Olympic Games to influence sport participation? Did London 2012 sport participation legacy policy draw on evidence about a demonstration effect, and was a legacy delivered?
Research methods: A worldwide systematic review of English language evidence returned 1778 sources iteratively reduced by the author panel, on advice from an international review panel to 21 included sources that were quality appraised and synthesised narratively. The evidence was used to examine the influence of a demonstration effect on sport participation engagement and to interrogate sport participation legacy policy for London 2012.
Results and findings: There is no evidence for an inherent demonstration effect, but a potential demonstration effect, properly leveraged, may deliver increases in sport participation frequency and re-engage lapsed participants. Despite setting out to use London 2012 to raise sport participation, successive UK Governments' policy failures to harness the potential influence of a demonstration effect on demand resulted in failure to deliver increased participation.
Implications: If the primary justification for hosting an Olympic Games is the potential impact on sport participation, the Games are a bad investment. However, the Games can have specific impacts on sport participation frequency and re-engagement, and if these are desirable for host societies, are properly leveraged by hosts, and are one among a number of reasons for hosting the Games, then the Games may be a justifiable investment in sport participation terms.Part of this work was funded by the UK Department of Health
