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Latin American Refugees to the U.S. Experience More Discrimination than Refugees from other Regions
No full textDiscrimination is a serious challenge for refugees trying to rebuild their lives in new countries. This data slice presents findings from the 2022 Annual Survey of Refugees (ASR), a nationally representative survey of refugees who arrived in the United States between 2017 and 2021 (N=1,364). The probability of experiencing discrimination was substantially higher among refugees from Latin America compared to other origin regions. Latin American refugees have a 62.4% probability of experiencing discrimination, compared to 12.6% for Southeast Asian refugees. The findings suggest that service providers and policymakers should not assume that all refugees face the same challenges
A Policy Reversal as Structural Break: A Lesson from China’s Land Lease Financing for Infrastructure
No full textLand-based revenues as a fiscal instrument to finance infrastructure tie public investment to real estate markets, where demand fluctuations cause fiscal consequences. This paper takes policy reversals as structural breaks and examines their impacts on infrastructure investment. We dissect China’s 2016 policy reversal that disallowed developers to finance land purchase with debt, causing sharp declines in local government land revenues, slashing their fiscal base for infrastructure investment. Using prefecture-level panel data and continuous difference-in-differences identification, we estimate the reversal reduced land-lease revenues by 55%. Two-stage least squares estimates suggest a 10% land-revenue decline translates into 6.6% investment reduction. Decomposing the funding sources show that 70% of the decline stems from contractions in local self-financing and borrowings by local financing vehicles, and resource reallocations within these financing vehicles amplify the impacts of the structural break. The lesson is: policy regime stability is vital to fiscal systems that rely on land-based revenues
The Employment Situation of Veterans: December 2025
No full textIn December 2025, U.S. unemployment held steady at 4.6%, while veteran unemployment rose from 3.4% to 3.9%. Post-9/11 veterans saw a sharper increase to 5.1%. Younger veterans (18–24) faced the highest rate at 14.8%, far above nonveterans (8.4%). Female veteran unemployment jumped to 4.5%, exceeding nonveteran women (3.8%), while male veterans remained slightly below nonveteran men. Racial trends varied: Black veterans’ unemployment fell to 6.6%, below nonveterans, while Hispanic veterans rose to 4.3%. Employment gains occurred in food service, healthcare, and social assistance, while retail declined. Overall, veteran unemployment trends diverged significantly by age, gender, and ethnicity
Urban Sprawl and Residential Carbon Emissions: Evidence from Indonesia and the Philippines
No full textThis paper studies how neighborhood density affects residential carbon emissions, using detailed data from Indonesia and the Philippines. To address simultaneity, we instrument density with soil characteristics, and to address sorting, we control for community averages of observed characteristics. Unlike cities in developed countries, we find that density is positively correlated with residential energy use. After controlling for sorting, we find a precise null relationship between density and residential carbon emissions. Our results suggest that policies to control urban sprawl may not be successful in reducing residential carbon emissions in developing country cities
Data for: Optimizing Finite Structures to Suppress the Photonic Density of States
No full textWe propose a topology-optimization framework for optimizing finite structures of arbitrary shape by combining density-based methods with level-set approaches. We first optimize regular polygonal structures to suppress the photonic density of states and find that the best performing polygon is consistent with a tiling of space with hexagonal unit cells. We next show that introducing cavities into hexagonal structures further suppresses the photonic density of states, particularly when the cavity is also hexagonal. Such a result would find application in the design of fiber-optic cables. We then describe an approach for optimizing arbitrary x-simple or y-simple designs that can recover finite supercells of a hexagonal unit cell. Our approach can therefore discover the symmetry of photonic-crystal primitive unit cells that significantly suppress the photonic density of states for a given set of material parameters within a single optimization. For structures where the shape of the design region varied during the optimization, the last 2*Nctrl entries of the optimized design region data correspond to boundary y coordinates normalized by the length of the design region in y
Student Disruptions and Teacher Turnover
No full textThis paper examines how exposure to disruptive students affects teacher retention using linked teacher–student administrative records from North Carolina. To address non-random classroom assignment, we instrument for classroom exposure using the school-by-grade share of disruptive students based on prior-year disciplinary infractions. A 10 percentage point increase in the share of disruptive students raises the probability of an early-career teacher leaving the school in the following year by 1.0 percentage points. Notably, working in a school environment with supportive leadership and greater teacher autonomy, particularly around student conduct policies, mitigates the impact of student disruptions
Give unto Caesar?: The politicization of the Internal Revenue Service and its Potential Impacts
No full textThis article, excerpted and adapted from an Honors thesis, explores the politicization of the In-ternal Revenue Service and its budgetary implications. It identifies instancess of politicization of the IRS at a national level throughout different election cycles in the modern era. The Inter-nal Revenue Service is tasked with collecting over $4.9 trillion in annual revenue, yet it has be-come a political lightning rod. Over the years, it has become increasingly vulnerable to partisan manipulation, budgetary constraints, and shifting public trust. This section specifically looks at the modern political manipulation of the IRS’s reputation in the post-2008 political landscape
Expanding Access to Justice: The Case for Remote Victim and Family Access to Criminal Trials
No full textThe Sociology of Motherhood in the Workplace
No full textKey themes in this paper include delayed childbearing, uncertain career trajectory, role conflict, and identity blending. These topics highlight the idea that childbearing while possessing a position of power in the workplace is uncommon, which can deter mothers from returning to work after maternity leave. Role conflict is the tension between competing demands of being a mother and a professional. This develops the concept that due to this conflict, women are often expected to adopt a motherly role in the workplace. This extremist ideology surrounding the roles women possess in the workplace, leaves them feeling as though their jobs expect them to behave as a mother would, in and out of the home. Motherhood in the workplace presents a complex intersection of unpaid labor, evolving gender norms, and policy gaps. When it comes to motherhood and professionalism; these ideas combined present an ad-ditional challenge. This research will touch upon the “mom penalty” and “maternal wall bias,” an assumption that women who are mothers are uncommitted to their jobs if they take time off to care for their families or cold and uncaring if they do not. This barrier manifests in subtle ways, ranging from exclusion from high-profile clients and projects to wage penalties that develop over time. Even then, societal expectations for household management placed upon women are wildly disproportionate to those placed on men. Women take on what researchers refer to as a “second shift”; the job they arrived home to after work. Economically, the competitive global market re-quires a diverse, multifaceted approach that encapsulates both individual lived experiences and institutional structures that do not emphasize gender-based bias. Through the lens of economic, sociological, and psychological research, this paper will explore how working mothers navigate structural and interpersonal challenges while pushing for systemic reform. This essay examines the economic impact social constructs have on mothers in the workplace