1,721,002 research outputs found
Authenticity and self-control: a social neuroscience approach
No full textThis dissertation explores the essence of authenticity—the true, genuine self of an individual—from three distinct perspectives: self-accuracy, self-consistency, and self-enhancement. Additionally, it investigates the role of authenticity in the relationship between self-control and reward processing. In Chapter 1, I review the existing literature on the self and authenticity, systematically tracing their conceptual evolution across different historical periods and theoretical frameworks. I examine the three perspectives of authenticity along with their respective empirical evidence from psychological research, and contrast authenticity with another prominent form of self-representation—the presented self. I also discuss behavioural and neuroscientific methods used to study the self and authenticity. Furthermore, I investigate the role of trait authenticity in shaping self-control exertion over reward processing. The empirical chapters present a series of studies designed to contribute to the current literature. In Chapter 2, I test the self-enhancement view of authenticity rigorously by comparing the authentic self with the presented self using the SR-valence task. Both behavioural and neuroscientific findings reveal that authenticity, albeit predominantly positive, allows room for negativity, providing support for the self-accuracy and self-consistency perspectives. In Chapter 3, I further examine the self-enhancement, self-accuracy, and self-consistency views by investigating the interference of negative information on self-evaluation through the self-referent emotional Stroop task. Both behavioural and neuroscience findings demonstrate that the presented self is more inclined toward positivity, whereas the authentic self exhibits greater tolerance for negativity. In Chapter 4, I first examine the neural basis of the reward responsivity hypothesis of self-control by a modified monetary incentive delay task (Part A), and then re-examine whether the reward responsivity following self-control exertion is potentially influenced by trait authenticity (Part B). The findings provide neurophysiological evidence supporting the reward responsivity hypothesis of self-control, although the enhancement of reward responsivity appears to be independent of trait authenticity.Finally, in Chapter 5, I synthesize the key findings of the studies, discuss their theoretical and empirical implications, highlight the strengths and limitations of the research, and propose directions for future investigations.<br/
Dataset supporting thesis 'Authenticity and self-control: a social neuroscience approach'
No full textDataset supporting thesis 'Authenticity and self-control: a social neuroscience approach'. The dataset is provided in three file formats (CSV, SAV, OMV), and EXCEL, SPSS and Jamovi are needed to view these data, respectively. The dataset was collected from undergraduate student participants. The dataset comprises behavioural measures, e.g., reaction time (units of measurement: millisecond), hit rate (units of measurement: percentage), as well as neurophysiological measures, e.g., electroencephalogram (units of measurement: microvolt). </span
Authenticity is more than self-enhancement: behavioral and neurophysiological evidence
No full textNegative self-descriptive information can be threatening to the self. This may depend, however, on the self-representation for which the information is relevant. We focused on two self-presentations, the authentic self and the presented self. In particular, we examined how the authentic and presented selves are influenced by emotional self-descriptiveness. Participants (N = 147) completed a self-referent emotional Stroop task while EEG was recorded. They viewed in colored text positive or negative traits exemplifying the authentic self (“I am genuinely honest”), the presented self (“I am outwardly honest”), or control (“It is clearly honest”). Color naming latency was slower to negative (vs. positive) traits for the presented self and control. Color naming latency was faster to negative (vs. positive) traits for the authentic self. Event-related potentials indicated that at both early (P1) and later (P3) stages of attentional processing, the authentic self exhibited comparable amplitudes to negative and positive traits. However, P1 was larger for negative, and P3 was larger for positive, traits for the presented self. Taken together, the findings highlight that the presented self is more pursuant of positivity, whereas the authentic self is more tolerant of negativity
Narcissism is associated with blunted error-related brain activity
No full textObjective: narcissism is associated with self-enhancement and social antagonism, yet its neural underpinnings, particularly in error processing, remain underexplored. Competing theoretical models, such as the mask model and the metacognitive model, offer conflicting hypotheses regarding how narcissism influences early neural responses to errors. We examine whether grandiose agentic narcissism relates to an elevated or blunted error-related negativity, a neural marker of cognitive control and performance monitoring.Method: in Study 1 (N = 144), participants completed the Eriksen Flanker Task while we recorded their neural responses to errors using electroencephalography. In Study 2 (N = 50), participants completed a modified version of the Flanker Task that included explicit trial-by-trial feedback. Participants then completed the Narcissistic Admiration and Rivalry Questionnaire to assess admiration and rivalry narcissism.Results: higher admiration and rivalry narcissism were associated with a blunted (less negative) error-related negativity. These associations held when controlling for number of errors and were confirmed by an internal meta-analysis, which showed moderate effect sizes across analytic approaches.Conclusion: the results are consistent with the metacognitive model of narcissism, showing that grandiose narcissists exhibit reduced neural sensitivity to errors. These findings highlight a potential mechanism through which narcissists resist self-corrective learning, bolstering their positive self-views. Bunted error processing may influence decision-making and behavior across contexts.<br/
Exercising self-control increases responsivity to hedonic and eudaimonic rewards
No full textThe reward responsivity hypothesis of self-control proposes that, irrespective of self-control success, exercising self-control is aversive and engenders negative affect. To countermand this discomfort, reward-seeking behavior may be amplified after bouts of self-control, bringing individuals back to a mildly positive baseline state. Previous studies indicated that effort—an integral component of self-control—can increase reward responsivity. We sought to test and extend the reward responsivity hypothesis by asking if exercising self-control increases a neural marker of reward responsivity (Reward Positivity) differentially for hedonic rewards or eudaimonic rewards. We instructed participants (N = 114) to complete a speeded reaction time task where they exercised self-control (incongruent Stroop trials) or not (congruent Stroop trials), and then had the opportunity to win money for themselves (hedonic rewards) or a charity (eudaimonic rewards) while EEG was recorded. Consistent with the reward responsivity hypothesis, participants evinced a larger RewP after exercising self-control (vs. not exercising self-control). Participants also showed a larger RewP for hedonic over eudaimonic rewards. Self-control and reward type did not interactively modulate RewP, suggesting that self-control increases the reward responsivity in a domain-general manner. The findings provide a neurophysiological mechanism for the reward responsivity hypothesis of self-control and promise to revitalize the relevant literature
Expressions of anger during advising on life dilemmas predict suicide risk among college students
No full textResearch has demonstrated a relationship between anger and suicidality, while real-time authentic emotions behind facial expressions could be detected during advising hypothetical protagonists in life dilemmas. This study aimed to investigate the predictive validity of anger expressions during advising for suicide risk. Besides advising on life dilemmas (a friend’s betrayal, a friend’s suicide attempt), 130 adults completed the suicidal scale of the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview. Participants’ anger during advice-giving was measured 29 times/s by artificial intelligence (AI)-based software FaceReader 7.1. The results showed that anger was a significant predictor of suicide risk. Increased anger during advising was associated with higher suicide risk. In contrast, there was no significant correlation between suicide risk and duration or length of advising. Therefore, measuring micro expressions of anger with AI-based software may help detect suicide risk among clinical patients in both traditional and online counseling contexts and help prevent suicide.</p
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
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