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Bacterial stalk rot of sunflower in Taiwan: varietal resistance and agrochemical screening
No full text民國91 年6 月，在苗栗縣大湖地區所種植之向日葵發生植株葉片乾枯萎凋
的徵狀，但莖仍直立於田間，切開莖部，其內部已成中空且具水浸狀腐爛，若發
生於植株莖苗期被害，嚴重者倒伏死亡。92 年夏天同樣情形再度發生。經柯霍氏
法則確認該病原為細菌。經生理生化，Biolog 鑑定及專一性引子進行PCR 分析
等測定，確認該病原菌包括Erwinia chrysanthemi (Ech) 及E. carotovora pv.
carotovora (Ecc)。該病原菌主要造成向日葵植株軸心中空及腐爛，進而引起植株
萎凋枯死，因此稱為向日葵細菌性軸腐病（stalk rot）。由Ecc 及Ech 引起之向日
葵細菌性軸腐病為台灣向日葵首次記錄。品種抗性測定發現供試九種向日葵品種
中以東北八重最為感病，月光及光輝雖感病但抗性較強。軸腐病菌對馬鈴薯塊
莖、大白菜梗、胡蘿蔔塊根均具強致腐能力。測試市售11 種藥劑在一般使用濃
度下以濾紙圓盤法測試對軸腐病菌菌株生長之抑制效果，顯示除甲基鋅乃浦對該
病菌之生長無抑制作用外，其餘 10 種包括鏈黴素、四環黴素、鏈四環黴素、嘉
賜黴素、多保鏈黴素、氫氧化銅、鹼性氯氧化銅、嘉賜銅、鋅錳乃浦及鋅錳滅達
樂等藥劑均能抑制其生長，且以四環黴素藥劑之效果最佳。
Severe stalk rot of sunflower was first found in Tahu, Miaoli County in 2002.
The disease mainly appeared on the stem and caused water-soaked symptoms. In
some severe cases, the stem pith disintegrated and showed hollow stem symptoms.
The pathogens were identified as Erwinia chrysanthemum and E. carotovora subsp.
carotovora based on physiological and chemical tests, Biolog identification, and PCR
analysis. This is the first record of the disease occurring in Taiwan. Resistance
screening indicated that “Tohokuhae” was the most sensitive cultivar and “Moon
bright” and “Sunbright” showed better resistance when inoculated with Ech. Among
11 bactericides screened, tetracycline proved to be the most effective
Sensitivity of strains of Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicaroria from Taiwan to copper and other agrochemicals
No full text台灣分離的茄科細菌性斑點病菌58個菌株（包括21個pepper race 1菌株，6個pepper race 2菌株，31個pepper race 3菌株）對硫酸銅及鏈黴素具有不同的感受性，所有的race 1菌株均不抗鏈黴素，但有13個菌株具有抗銅性，所有的race 2菌株（除一個菌株外）不但具有抗銅性也抗鏈黴素，而所有的race 3菌株對硫酸銅及鏈黴素均為感受性。抗銅菌株能在含100~950 µg/ml硫酸銅的培養基上生長，而不抗銅菌株僅能在含100 µg/ml硫酸銅的培養基上生長。抗銅菌株對農藥級銅劑，氫氧化銅及鹼性氯氧化銅，也表現抗性，但其生長可被含銅混合劑，銅鋅錳乃浦及銅合浦所抑制。所有菌株對硫酸錳不具感受性，對硫酸鋅的耐性不高，但菌株間之耐性略有差異，而耐性較高者都存在於race 3的菌株中。在或略高於田間推薦使用的濃度時，快得寧及嘉賜黴素對所有菌株之生長均無抑制效果，而鋅錳乃浦及含四環黴素之藥劑能抑制所有菌株之生長。
Differences in sensitivity to cupric sulfate and streptomycin sulfate were detected
among 58 strains (including 21 strains of pepper race 1, 6 strains of pepper race 2 and 31 strains of pepper race 3) of Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicaroria isolated from Taiwan. All race 1 strains were sensitive to streptomycin, but 13 strains were resistant to copper. All race 2 strains except one were resistant to copper and streptomycin, while all race 3 strains were sensitive to copper and streptomycin. Copper-resistant strains grew on nutrient agar containing cupric sulfate at 100-950 µg/mI, while sensftive strains grew only at 100 µg/ml. Strains resistant to cupric sulfate also were resistant to copper bactericides, copper hydroxide and copper oxychioride, but were sensitive to copper formulations in combination with mancozeb or cufram Z. All strains were not sensitive to manganese sulfate even at 2000µ g/ml, but showed low tolerance to zinc sulfate. Tolerance to zinc varied slightly among strains, and relatively higher tolerant strains were found only in some strains of race 3. Growth of all strains were not inhibited by copper-8-hydroxy quinolate and kasugamycin, but were inhibited by mancozeb and tetracycline at dosages same as or slightly higher than those recommended for use in the field
Occurrence of bacterial gall of Gypsophila paniculata caused by Erwinia herbwola pv. gypsophilae in Taiwan
No full text在臺灣埔里地區苗圃培育之滿天星抒插苗上，於1991年首先發現其莖基部有產生腫瘤之病害，隨後在其他地區之杆插苗及田間栽植之滿天星植株亦發生相同的病害。被害植株葉片呈現黃化並向內彎曲，最後整個植株萎凋枯死，形成之腫瘤最初為淡黃色或淡褐色，後轉為深褐色，質地軟且易碎，抒插苗上之腫瘤約6 mm，而田間罹病植株之腫瘤可達3cm。顯微鏡觀察，病莖腫瘤內部有許多細菌分佈其中。由腫瘤組織經常分離到一種革蘭氏陰陸，桿狀，形成黃色菌落之細菌。該細菌經生理生化特性測定，Biolog系統測定及細胞脂肪酸組成分析結果，均鑑定為Erwinia herbicola，其特性與Erwinia herbicola Eh112y菌株之特性相同。分離的細菌經接種於滿天星植株莖基部，可引起腫瘤病微，因此確定該病害是由Erwinia herbicola pv. gypsophilae 引起之滿天星細菌性腫瘤病(bacterial gall disease)。測試市售10種殺菌劑包括銅劑、抗生素及混合藥劑在一般使用之濃度對滿天星腫瘤病菌生長之抑制效果，顯示大多數的菌株對氫氧化銅及鹼性氯氧化銅具抗性，而大多數的菌株則可被抗生素如鏈黴素、嘉賜黴素、四環黴素及銅劑與鋅錳乃浦的混合劑等藥劑抑制。.
Serious crown and root galls on nursery rooted cuttings of Gypsophyla paniculata were first observed in Puli, Taiwan in 1991. Subsequently, the gall disease was also found in other areas. The infected plants showed leaf yellowing, and eventually wilted and died. The galls were soft, friable, about 6 mm -3 cm in size, and initially light yellow or light brown but gradually turned to dark brown. The microscopic observations revealed that the galled tissues were filled with numerous bacteria. A yellow, gram-negative rod-shaped bacterium was consistently isolated from the galled tissues. Strains of the isolated bacterium induced gall symptoms on inoculated plants of G. paniculata. The bacterium was identified as Erwinia herbicola pv. gypsophilae based on the physiological characteristics, the Biolog GN MicroPlate system, the MIDI system for cellular fatty acid anslysis, and the pathogenicity test. The commercial agrochemicals including copper bactericides, antibiotics and mixed formulations at generally used concentrations were tested for their inhibitory to the growth of E. herbicola pv. gypsophilae. Most strains of the bacterium were resistant to copper hydroxide and copper oxychioride, but were sensitive to streptomycin, kasugamycin, tetracycline and copper oxychloride-mancozeb combination
Identification of the causal agent of lettuce bacterial midrib rot and resistance screening of lettuce cultivars
No full text民國96~7年間於彰化縣芬園鄉種植之萵苣葉片上，出現不規則形褐化壞疽斑，病斑沿著葉脈擴散，嚴重時葉片呈現腐爛且破碎現象，中肋常被感染並造成褐化風輕微腐爛的病徵。由柯霍氏法則、生理生化及Biolog鑑定分析結果顯示供試萵苣病原菌株為Pseudomonas cichorii進一步應用對P. cichorii具有專一性之引子對進行PCR鑑定，結果顯示供試病原菌可增幅出379 bP之專一性DNA條帶，再以165 rDNA進行定序與比對分析鑑定，確認該病原菌為P. cichorii，依其引起之病徵將此病害定名為萵苣細菌性葉腐病(bacterial midrib rot of lettuce)。測定市售21種萵苣品種對萵苣細菌性葉腐病菌P. cichorii之抗性，結果顯示供試2種結球萵苣品種（捲心、包心以及7種葉萵苣品種（明豐3號、橡樹葉、人陸A、人陸妹、HV-076粉A、綠葉、翠花等）之萵苣植株於接種後均罹病死亡，其餘供試12種萵苣品種，包括1種結球萵苣、1種半結球萵苣、2種嫩莖萵苣及8種葉萵苣品種雖感病卻仍可持續生長，顯示其品種抗病性較佳。
An unknown bacterial disease was first found in lettuce cultivation areas of Changhua during summer of 2007 and 2008. Symptoms mainly occurred in the midrib of leaves and started with greenish, brown or black spots and later coalesced and developed leaf rot symptoms. Under humid condition, symptoms development could be rapid, often in less than 24 hours, and always occured on nearly mature plants before harvest. The causal agent was identified as Pseudomonas cichorii based on physiological and chemical tests, Biolog GN MicroPlate Identification System, 16S rDNA sequence analysis, and pathogenicity tests. The pathogen was further confirmed by PCR with SfL1 / SfR2 specific primers to Pseudomonas cichorii. This is the first report of the disease occurred on lettuce in Taiwan. In a disease resistance screening of the twenty one local lettuce cultivars, the result showed that all tested cultivars were sensitive to the disease but the romaine and stem lettuce showed moderate degree of resistance
Application of drainage on disease management of water spinach bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum
No full text以剪刀剪去莖頂接種法測試63個蘿菜品種，結果顯示所有測試之品種對青枯病不其抗性。宿根栽培之水蘿菜採收後水田之排水乾燥處理其有降低下一季水蕹菜青枯病之效果。水田乾燥期間，許多蘿菜枯萎死亡，餘留外觀健康之植株，感染青枯病菌的比率由未排水的42%，降至排水乾燥28天處理的6%。當田水排完使田土乾燥14天，再引入灌溉水栽培時，青枯病之發病率由未排水處理的38.5%降業10.8%，排水乾燥處理28天更使發病率降至2.2%，旦排水乾燥14-28天之處理均可顯著減少病害所造成產量的損失。排水乾燥的有效防治處理方法，會使每個栽培週期由25天延長至32-42天。
A total of 63 varieties of water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica) were screened for resistance to bacterial wilt by clipping off the stem apex with scissors dipped with suspension of Ralstonia solanacearum (107 cfu/ml). None of the tested varieties was resistant to bacterial wilt. The disease could be reduced significantly by proper management of the irrigation water. When the paddy field was well drained and dry for 14, 21 or 28 days after each harvest, the pathogen infection rate of the survived plants were 4-14% compared with 42% of the non-drained treatment. After the field was irrigated again, the survived plants grew quickly, and the disease incidence was reduced to 2.2-10.8% compared with 38.5% of the non-drained treatment at the harvest. The yield of water spinach also increased significantly by the drainage treatment, and the cultivation period of each harvest was extended to 32-42 days for the drainage treatment than the non-drained treatment
Development of specific PCR primers for identification of Pseudomonas cichorii
No full text以60個逢機引子應用隨機增幅多型性核酸技術(RAPD)增幅並篩選出對細菌性葉斑病菌Pseudomonas cichorii (Swingle) Stapp特有之1,100 bp的專一性片段，進一步將該片段接入Topo載體pCR®II-TOPO得到選殖株，並分析其核酸序列，再根據其序列設計出對Pseudomonas cichorii具專一性之引子對SfL1/SfR2。應用此引子對進行聚台酵素連鎖反應(polymerase chain reaction, PCR)，其對供試向日葵細菌比葉斑病菌皆能增幅出379 bp的片段，但對供試之6屬21種其他非標的之病原菌及雜菌菌株則不會產生任何片段。當以引子對SfL1 / SfR2測試細菌性葉斑病菌P. cichorii之全DNA時，其靈敏度可偵測到5~10 pg，而用於偵測其細菌數之靈敏度則可以測到5.5~9個活菌數。將向日葵細菌性葉斑病菌(P. cichorii) 10 6 cfu/ml菌液與其他細菌菌株之菌液105~105 cfu/ml混合，再以引子對SfL1/ SfR2進行聚合酵素連鎖反應，結果顯示不影響其對P. cichorii之責則效率。應用單一菌落快速檢定法可於3-4 hr內鑑定向日葵細菌性葉斑病菌，該引子對可用於人工接種葉斑病菌之向日葵植株樣品之偵測，因此確認所設計之引子對SfL1/SfR2可用於快速鑑定及診斷細菌性葉斑病菌P. cichorii。
A specific PCR (polymerase chain reaction) primer pair have been developed using RAPD (random amplified polymorphic DNA ) to detect Pseudomonas cichorii. Totally sixty random primers were used to find specific DNA fragments of P. cichorii, and a specific DNA fragment of 1,100 bp amplified by the primer OPX17 was cloned into the pCR®II-TOPO vector and further sequenced to design a specific primer pair SfL1 / SfR2. The primer pair could amplify a distinct band of 379 bp that was specific to P. cichorii, and no DNA fragment amplified by the same primer pair from the other tested 21 bacterial species in 6 genera. Sensitivity of PCR for detection of P. cichorii with primer pair SfL1 / SfR2 was between 5 ~ 10 pg for purified DNA and 5.5 ~9 cfu for cultured cells. Non-target bacteria did not affect the efficiency of specific amplification of P. cichorii in PCR assay with primer pair SfL1 / SfR2. PCR technique using primer pair SfL1 / SfR2 identifies the culture of P. cichorii within 3 - 4 hours and detected the bacterium in artificially inoculated sunflower leaf tissue. Based on the data provided, we conclude that the primer pair SfL1 / SfR2 might be a useful tool for rapid identification and diagnosis of P. cichorii
Occurrence of bacterial soft rot on Star of Bethleham
No full text於台中后里、嘉義新港、彰化田尾等地區栽培之伯利恆之星植株上發現組織水浸狀褐化軟腐的病徵，病徵通常從葉片基部或鱗莖開始發生，初呈水浸狀斑，迅速蔓延形成淡褐色或褐色或黑褐色軟腐，終至葉片或植植倒伏。經柯霍氏法則、生理生化、Biolog及PCR鑑定結果顯示分離所得之病原細菌包括Pectobacterium (原屬於Erwinia) carotovora subsp. carotovora (Ecc)及Pectobacterium (原屬於Erwinia) chrysanthemi (Ech)。調杳田間鱗莖及葉片組織軟腐病徵發生情形，發現不論鱗莖或葉片均以最外層（一～三層）組織最常發生軟腐病徵，其次為最內層組織，以Ec3F/Ec4R引子對檢測結果與觀察結果相同。以Ec3F/4R引子對檢測不同時期田間罹病植株的鱗華及葉片組織，結果顯示不論鱗莖或葉片組織於五月、六月及十二月份所取樣品均可檢測到Ecc及Ech二種軟腐病原，於二月、三月及四月所取樣品檢測結果均只檢測至Ecc一種軟腐病原，未測到Ech。
A soft-rot disease was found on the star of Bethleham plants cultivated in Taichung Howli, Chiayi Singang, Chunghua Tianwei areas. Symptoms were usually seen at the base of leaves or bulbs, beginning with water-soaking spots that developed into light brown or black brown soft-rot areas in late stage of infection. The diseased leaves or plants eventually fell down. Based on the physiological characteristics and the results from the Biolog GN MicroPlate system, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and pathogenicity tests, bacteria isolated from the diseased tissues were identified as Pectobacterium (Erwinia) carotovora subsp. carotovora (Ecc) and Pectobacterium (Erwinia) chrysanthemi (Ech). Investigating the occurrence of soft-rot symptoms and PCR-detection using Ec3F/Ec4R primers on bulbs and leaf tissues in the fields showed that the outer layer tissue (layer 1~3) has the highest disease incidence, followed by the inner tissue. PCR detection with Ec3F/Ec4R primers of infected tissues at different time in the fields revealed that both Ecc and Ech could be detected in May, June, and December on bulbs and leaf tissues, whereas only Ecc, but not Ech, could be detected in the samples collected in February, March and April
Occurrence of bacterial leaf spot of betel palm caused by Burkholderia andropogonis and inhibition of bacterial growth by agrochemicals
No full text民國95年間於台中縣大坑、嘉義縣阿里山鄉、屏東縣高樹鄉、高雄縣美濃鎮及花運縣鳳林鎮等地種植之檳榔葉片上發生褐化壞疽病斑，病斑周圍伴有黃暈，病斑隨著葉脈擴散呈不規則形，由柯霍氏法則、生理生化、Biolog鑑定及脂肪酸組成分析結果顯示供試檳榔病原菌株為Burkholderia andropogonis，進一步應用對B. andropogonis具有專一性之引子對進行PCR反應，結果由該病原菌可增幅出410 bP之專一性DNA條帶，並且以165 rDNA進行定序與鑑定，確認該病原菌為B. andropogonis，由其引起之病徵定名為檳榔葉斑病(bacterial leaf spot of betel palm)。
以市售12種藥劑測試在一般使用濃度下對該病菌生長之抑制效果，顯示12種藥劑均能抑制病原菌於PDA培養基上的生長，其中又以四環黴素效果最佳，依其抑制效果依序為四環黴素、歐索林酸、嘉賜黴素、嘉賜銅、氫氣化銅、鏈四環黴素、多保鏈黴素、三元硫酸銅、鋅錳乃浦、鏈黴素、鹼性氯氣化銅及鋅錳滅達樂等。
In 2006, a leaf spot disease was found on betel palm in several locations in Taiwan. The infected leaves showed irregular brown necrotic spots surrounded by yellowish halo. A gram-negative, rodshaped bacterium was consistently isolated from the diseased tissues. The bacterium was identified as Burkholderia andropogonis based on its physiological characteristics, the Biolog GN MicroPlate system, the MIS system for cellular fatty acid analysis, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with a pair of primers specific for B. andropogonis, 16S rDNA sequence and pathogenicity tests. In vitro screening for the efficacy of different agrochemicals to inhibit bacterial growth on PDA plates showed that all tested chemicals, including copper bactericides, antibiotics, oxolinic acid, and carbamates, were effective. Among them, tetracycline was most effective
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
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