1,721,078 research outputs found
External and Internal Influences Yield Similar Memory Effects: The Role of Deception and Suggestion
Get PDFIn legal cases, testimonies can become contaminated because of an amalgam of external and internal influences on memory. It is well-established that external influences can hurt memory (e.g., suggestive interviews). However, less focus has been placed on the impact of internal influences (e.g., lying) on memory. In the current review, we show that the available evidence suggests that both external and internal influences exert similar effects on memory. That is, we review studies showing that suggesting non-occurrences and suggesting non-experiences can lead to omission errors and false memories, respectively. Likewise, these memory effects are also observed when focusing on internal influences. That is, false denials, feigning amnesia, and fabrication have been shown to affect memory in terms of forgetting (i.e., omissions) and false memories (i.e., commissions). Also, we show that both external and internal influences can lead to changes in the belief that an event occurred. We argue that in legal cases, triers of fact should concentrate on whether both types of influences might have affected testimonial accuracy in witnesses, victims, and suspects
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
The neuroscience of dissociative amnesia and repressed memory: Premature conclusions and unanswered questions
No full textA heated debate exists on whether traumatic memories can be dissociated or repressed. One way in which researchers have attempted to prove the existence of dissociative amnesia or repressed memory is to examine whether claims of amnesia for traumatic events are associated with specific neural markers. Methods: Here, we will argue that such neuroscientific examinations do not tell us whether traumatic memories can be unconsciously repressed or dissociated from consciousness, respectively. Results: We discuss neuroscientific studies on dissociative amnesia and repressed memory and show that there are no reliable biological markers for dissociative amnesia and that the alleged involved brain areas are heterogenous among studies. Furthermore, we will demonstrate that it is unclear whether these studies truly involved patients with dissociative amnesia and that alternative explanations of dissociative amnesia were often not ruled out (e.g. malingering, organic amnesia). Moreover, we will make the case that the discussed patients in the studies do not meet the DSM-5 criteria for dissociative amnesia. Conclusions: Taken together, neuroscientific research into dissociative amnesia does not present a convincing case for a biological basis of the purported memory loss
Possible factors associated with increased risk for false memories but decreased convictions in the British False Memory Society data: A comment on Patihis and Felstead
No full textThe ongoing debate about the nature of traumatic memories has engaged numerous scholars, each
providing evidence either for or against special properties that distinguish such memories from other
emotional memories
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Backward and forward associative strength in children's false recall for DRM and categorial word list / by Nadine M. Gagnon.
Get PDFRecent findings with children and adults propose that the developmental increase in the DRM false memory illusion is not related to children's increased ability to process relational meaning across list items as proposed by Fuzzy-trace theory (FTT). These studies show that the effects of semantic information are limited to true memories. Unlike the propositions of FTT, this suggests that false memories do not benefit from this type of information. Previous research with adults has demonstrated that the DRM false memory illusion using recall tasks is strongly related to DRM lists' backward associative strength (BAS). However, the role of lists' associative strength has not yet been examined on children's false recall. This study sought to examine the role of associative strength on children's false recall using the DRM paradigm and to further examine the role of semantic information on children's true and false memories. Children with the ages of 5, 7, and 11 years, studied and recalled 12 (6 DRM, 6 category) word lists with varying backward and forward associative strengths. To examine the role of semantic information, half of the children in each age group were provided with descriptive labels prior to list presentation. Results indicated that children’s false recall of category and
DRM lists were effected by different variations of associative strength, where the highest rates of false recall was obtained from DRM lists with high backward- high forward associative strength, and category lists with high backward-low forward associative strength. This also varied within each age group. Children’s true and false recall benefited from descriptive labels. However, the increase in false memories can be attributed to the
strong associative relations between the descriptive label and the critical lures of category lists. When associative relations between descriptive labels and critical lures were low, as in DRM lists, there was no beneficiary effect of labels on false recall. These results suggests that as in adults, children’s false memories occur as a result of associative activation, whether from backward or forward associative links with list items or
descriptive labels. This is in line with false memory theories based on network models of semantic knowledge (such as activation/monitoring theory), where falsely reporting the critical lure within the DRM paradigm results from its activation through highly related list items. Children’s increased susceptibility to the false memory illusion may be related
to an increased automaticity in processing associative relations between list items and the lure rather than an increased ability to extract meaning across list items
Effects of misinformation on children's recall : the potential for a "buffering" effect in drawing
Get PDFKindergarten children participated in a magic show and then responded to direct questioning
about the details. The children were then asked to draw (N = 52) or tell (N = 56) about their
favorite part of the show. Two weeks later, they were exposed to misinformed details about the
event. Judgements were then relayed to the children concerning the memory of the misinforming
interviewer, which were reinforcing, disregarding or neutral. One and six months after the event,
the children were questioned about the details. Results indicated that children who had an
opportunity to draw had reported fewer errors for details that were misled. However, these
children had more errors on the untampered items than the children who did not have an
opportunity to draw
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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