247 research outputs found
#991 Alexis Carrel: Thoughts on Living.
No full textParticipants include: Rev. Joseph T. Durkin, S.J., Professor of History, Georgetown University, and author of Hope for Our Times and Alexis Carrel on Man and Society Theodore Malinin, M.D., Assistant Professor, Department of Research Pathology, Georgetown University School of Medicine Lt. Vernon Perry, MSC, USN, Head, Tissue Culture Divsion, Tissue Bank Department, National Medical Cente
A New Lineage of Eukaryotes Illuminates Early Mitochondrial Genome Reduction
No full textThe origin of eukaryotic cells represents a key transition in cellular evolution and is closely tied to outstanding questions about mitochondrial endosymbiosis [1, 2]. For example, gene-rich mitochondrial genomes are thought to be indicative of an ancient divergence, but this relies on unexamined assumptions about endosymbiont-to-host gene transfer [3–5]. Here, we characterize Ancoracysta twista, a new predatory flagellate that is not closely related to any known lineage in 201-protein phylogenomic trees and has a unique morphology, including a novel type of extrusome (ancoracyst). The Ancoracysta mitochondrion has a gene-rich genome with a coding capacity exceeding that of all other eukaryotes except the distantly related jakobids and Diphylleia, and it uniquely possesses heterologous, nucleus-, and mitochondrion-encoded cytochrome c maturase systems. To comprehensively examine mitochondrial genome reduction, we also assembled mitochondrial genomes from picozoans and colponemids and re-annotated existing mitochondrial genomes using hidden Markov model gene profiles. This revealed over a dozen previously overlooked mitochondrial genes at the level of eukaryotic supergroups. Analysis of trends over evolutionary time demonstrates that gene transfer to the nucleus was non-linear, that it occurred in waves of exponential decrease, and that much of it took place comparatively early, massively independently, and with lineage-specific rates. This process has led to differential gene retention, suggesting that gene-rich mitochondrial genomes are not a product of their early divergence. Parallel transfer of mitochondrial genes and their functional replacement by new nuclear factors are important in models for the origin of eukaryotes, especially as major gaps in our knowledge of eukaryotic diversity at the deepest level remain unfilled
El científico frente a la “crisis” de la civilización. Una aproximación a La incógnita del hombre de Alexis Carrel.. Cuicuilco Revista de la Escuela Nacional de Antropología e Historia: Raza, fobias e intolerancias. Num. 31 (2004) Vol. 11 mayo-agosto
No full textEn el artículo se examinan la obra y el legado del francés Alexis Carrel (1873-1944), ganador del Premio Nobel, como caso paradigmático del modernismo reaccionario y el pesimismo cultural del periodo de entreguerras. Preocupado por la "crisis de la civilización", en 1935 Carrel publicó La incógnita del hombre, un libro en el que proponía la reconstrucción del individuo a partir de un conjunto de medidas fascistas y eugenésicas. El éxito de la obra convirtió a su autor en uno de los divulgadores del racismo científico más populares de la época. Entre 1941 y 1944 trabajó para el régimen colaboracionista de Vichy dirigiendo un instituto de investigaciones sociobiológicas que tenía por misión "mejorar" la población. Tras su muerte, y pese a haber apoyado explícitamente la política biológicoracial de Hitler, Carrel ha sido reivindicado con propósitos de lo más diversos, desde el humanismo católico y la clonación hasta el racismo antiárabe y el fundamentalismo islámico.The article examines the career and legacy of the French-born Nobel laureate Alexis Carrel (1873-1944) as a paradigmatic case of interwar reactionary modernism and cultural despair. Concerned about the "crisis of civilization", in 1935 Carrel published Man, the Unknown, a book in which he proposed the reconstruction of the individual along fascist and eugenic lines. The book´s success turned the author into one of the most popular vulgarizers of scientific racism. Between 1941 and 1944 he worked for the collaborationist regime of Vichy, heading an institution of sociobiological research aimed at the "improvement" of the population. After his death, and despite his endorsement of Nazi racialbiological policies, Carrel has been claimed for widely different purposes, from cloning research to anti-Arab racism and Islamic fundamentalism.Adams, Mark B. (ed.) 1990. The Wellborn Science: Eugenics in Germany, France, Brazil, and Russia, Nueva York, Oxford University Press.Ali, Tariq. 2002. The Clash of Fundamentalisms, Nueva York, Verso.Alvarez Peláez, Raquel. 1997. Sir Francis Galton, padre de la eugenesia, Madrid, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas.Antier, Jean-Jacques. 1974. Carrel cet inconnu, París, SOS.Aron, Robert y Andr. Dandieu. 1931. Décadence de la nation française, París, Rieder.Bessières, Albert. 1950. La Destinée humaine devant la science: Alexis Carrel, Pierre Lecomte du Noüy, Charles Nicolle, París, Spes.Bessières, Albert. 1952. Le Voyageur de Lourdes, Alexis Carrel, Bruselas, Foyer Notre-Dame.Black, Antony. 2001. The History of Islamic Political Thought: From the Prophet to the Present, Nueva York, Routledge.Black, Edwin. 2003. The War Against the Weak: Eugenics and America´s Campaign to Create a Master Race, Nueva York, Four Walls Eight Windows.Brun, Gérard. 1985. Technocrates et technocratie en France, París, Editions de l´Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales.Burleigh, Michael. 1994. Death and Deliverance: “Euthanasia” in Germany c. 1900-1945, Nueva York, Cambridge University Press.Burleigh, Michael y Wolfgang Wippermann. 1996. The Racial State: Germany, 1933-1945, Nueva York, Cambridge University Press.Carol, Anne. 1995. Histoire de l´eugénisme en France: Les médecins et la procréation, XIX-XXe siècles, París, Editions du Seuil.Carrel, Alexis. 1936. “The Mystery of Death”, en Galdston, Iago (comp.), Medicine and Mankind, Nueva York, D-Appleton-Century Company.Carrel, Alexis. 1944. La Prière, París, Plon.Carrel, Alexis. 1948. Le Voyage de Lourdes, París, Plon.Carrel, Alexis. 1950. Réflexions sur la conduite de la vie, París, Plon.Carrel, Alexis. 1994(1935). La incógnita del hombre, Barcelona, Iberia.Carson, Eloy Axel. 2001. The Unfit: History of a Bad Idea, Nueva York, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.Chambers, Robert W. y Joseph T. Durkin (comps.). 1973. Papers of the Alexis Carrel Centennial Conference, Washington DC, Georgetown University Press.Choueiri, Youssef M. 1997. Islamic Fundamentalism, Boston, Twayne Publishers.Clarke, Jackie. 2001. “Engineering a New Order in the 1930s: The Case of Jean Coutrot”, en French Historical Studies, núm. 1.Conan, Eric y Henri Rousso. 1994. Vichy, ce passé qui ne passe pas, París, Fayard.Didier Delorme, Henriette D. 1963. Alexis Carrel, 1873-1944, humaniste chrétien, Prix Nobel, París, Apostolat de la Presse.Dikotter, Frank. 1998. “Race Culture: Recent Perspectives on the History of Eugenics”, en American Historical Review, n.m. 103.Dowbiggin, Ian R. 1997. Keeping America Sane: Psychiatry and Eugenics in the United States and Canada, 1880-1940, Ithaca, Cornell University Press.Drouard, Alain. 1995. Alexis Carrel (1873-1944): De la mémoire à l´histoire, París, L´Harmattan.Duhamel, Georges. 1930 Scènes de la vie future, París, Mercure de France.Durkin, Joseph. 1964. Alexis Carrel on Man and Society, Nueva York, Harper & Row.Edwards, William S. 1974. Alexis Carrel: Visionary Surgeon, Springfield, Charles C. Thomas Publisher.Fosdick, Raymond. 1924. Wanted: An Aristotle, Garden City, Doubleday, Doran & Company.Fosdick, Raymond. 1928 The Old Savage in the New Civilization, Garden City, Doubleday, Doran & Company.Gallagher, Nancy. 1999. Breeding Better Vermonteers: The Eugenics Project in the Green Mountain State, Hanover, University Press of New England.García González, Armando. 1999. En busca de la raza perfecta: eugenesia e higiene en Cuba (1898-1958), Madrid, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas.
Gillon, Jean-Jacques. 1951. “Les aspects essentiels de l´oeuvre médical d´Alexis Carrel”, en Le concours médical, 11 de octubre.Gunnar Broberg y Nils Roll-Hansen (comps.) 1996. Eugenics and the Welfare State: Sterilization Policy in Denmark, Sweden, Norway, and Finland, East Lansing, Michigan State University Press.Hawkes, Nigel. 2000. “Clones Raises Transplant Hopes”, en The Times, 15 de marzo.Hawkes, Nigel. 2000. “Dolly et les cinq petits cochons”, en www.humanite.presse.fr, 15 de marzo.Herf, Jeffrey. 1991. El modernismo reaccionario: tecnología, cultura y política en Weimar y el Tercer Reich, México, FCE.Herman, Arthur. 1997. La idea de la decadencia en occidente, Santiago de Chile, Andrés Bello.Iatria. 1953. Revista de la Federación de Consorcios de Médicos Católicos de la Argentina, núm. 122.Kevles, Daniel J. 1985. In the Name of Eugenics: Genetics and the Uses of Human Heredity, Nueva York, Knopf.Lawrence, Christopher y George Weisz. 1998. Greater than the Parts: Holism and Biomedicine, 1920-1950, Nueva York, Oxford University Press.Le Vay, David. 1996. Alexis Carrel: The Perfectibility of Man, Rockville, Kabel Publishing.Lecoq, Benoît. 1986. “L´ édition et la science”, en Martin, Henri-Jean, Roger Chartier y Jean-Pierre Vivet, Histoire de l´édition française, vol. 4, París, Promodis.Lelotte, Fernand (comp.). 1953. Convertis du XXe siècle, París, Casterman.Loubet de Bayle, Jean-Marie. 1969. Les inconformistes des années trente, París, Editions du Seuil.Malinin, Theodore I. 1979. Surgery and Life: The Extraordinary Career of Alexis Carrel, Nueva York, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.Nau, Jean-Yves. 2000. “Le passé encombrant d´Alexis Carrel”, en Le Monde, 18 de agosto. Nies, Betsy L. 2002. Eugenic Fantasies: Racial Ideologes in the Literature and Popular Culture of the 1920s, Nueva York, Routledge.Nye, Robert A. 1993. “The Rise and Fall of the Eugenics Empire: Recent Perspectives on the Impact of Biomedical Thought in Modern Society”, en Historical Journal, núm.36.O´Brien, John A. 1960. Roads to Rome: The Intimate Personal Stories of Converts to the Catholic Faith, Nueva York, MacMillan.Ordover, Nancy. 2003. American Eugenics: Race, Gender, Queer Anatomy an the Science of Nationalism, Minneapolis, University of Minnesota Press.Palena, Héctor. 2004 Gobernar es seleccionar: apuntes sobre eugenesia, Buenos Aires, Jorge Baudino Ediciones.Pauly, Philip J. 1993. “The Eugenics Industry-Growth or Restructuring?”, en Journal of the History of Biology, n.m. 26.Reggiani, Andrés H. 2000. “Los ´años negros´ (1940-1944): memoria e historia del pasado reciente en Francia”, en Taller. Revista de sociedad, política y cultura, núm. 12.Reggiani, Andrés H. 2002. “Alexis Carrel, the Unknown: Eugenics and Population Politics under Vichy”, en French Historical Studies, núm. 2.Reggiani, Andrés H. 2005. “Staging Science, Selling Eugenics: Technical Expertise, Public Opinion and Biopolitics in Alexis CarrelÕs Man the Unknown", en Codgell, Christina y Sue Currell (comps.), Making It Modern: Eugenics and Popular Culture in the 1930s, Philadelphia, American Philosophical Society.Reilly, Philip R. 1991. The Surgical Solution: A History of Involuntary Sterilization in the United States, Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press.Rousso, Henri. 1987 Le Syndrome de Vichy, Par.s, Editions du Seuil.Schneider, William. 1990. Quality and Quantity: The Quest for Biological Regeneration in Twentieth-Century France, Nueva York, Cambridge University Press.Selden, Steven y Ashley Montagu. 1999. Inheriting Shame: The Story of Eugenics and Racism in America, Nueva York, Teacher´s College Press.Simon, Catherine. 1993. “Algérie, d´une violence à l´autre”, en Le Monde, 25 de noviembre.Soupault, Robert. 1952. Alexis Carrel, París, Plon.Stepan, Nancy L. 1991. “The Hour of Eugenics”: Race, Gender, and the Nation in Latin America, Ithaca, Cornell University Press.Tucker, William H. 1994. The Science and Politics of Racial Research, Urbana, Illinois, University of Illinois Press.Walther, Rudolf. 2003. “Die seltsamen Lehren des Doktor Carrel”, en Die Zeit, núm. 32.Weindling, Paul. 1989. Health, Race, and German Politics between National Unification and Nazism,Weindling, Paul. 1870-1945, Nueva York, Cambridge University Press.Witowski, Jan. 1979. “Alexis Carrel and the Mysticism of Tissue Culture”, en Medical History, núm. 23.ARCHIVOSArchivos Alexis Carrel (AAC), Georgetown University.Archivos de la Secretaría de Salud Pública
Fables, Vol. I
No full textEighteen months ago I thought that purchasing a set of Rousset for about 300 may have been another mistake. But it has been a fascinating mistake! Why? First, this set of four volumes is signed by the author. Secondly, there is a surprising pattern: though some images overlap in the two sets, images missing in that set are in this set and vice versa. Thus this copy lacks the decorative title-page, an image of an inscribed log with surrounding leafage. On that page we find In this deep impression "Imp. Dantzell. Lyon," about as close as either version comes to announcing a publisher. Our new volume has a title-page beginning Livre I with a cherub. Our new volume does not have for the first fable the full-page image of a figure (Poesie?) looking over the shoulder of another figure (Sagesse?). But fable II in the new-bought copy has an image of a narcissus and a butterfly. It has full-page images for Fables III and VI but none for VII, which has an image in the earlier copy. And so it goes, apparently throughout the volume. How strange! At last in Book II Fable III both have the identical full-page illustration. There is a third anomaly here. The printer or bookbinder botched his job! This volume is missing 121 to 172. It skips from III 5 to IV 6. That segment is found in the middle of an even greater lapse in the second volume (120 to 240). My! In this volume, a particularly good image portrays a group of rats abandoning a house for Book II Fable VIII, an illustration not present in the other version. Another is "Lion and Ass" facing 280 (also not in the earlier copy). My favorite printer's device is on 58: A lion plays piano. Many of these devices are lively! The illustration facing 52 has a fine moral: "Les bons et les méchants pursuivent le Bonheur. Mais les bons seuls peuvent l'atteindre." 285 pages, followed by a T of C for the five books here. The illustrated interior title-page pays homage to Aesop and La Fontaine. I am not so sure the fables do. 5.5" x 8.5".This is a hardbound book (hard cover)Language note: FrenchAlexis Rousse
The Importance of Place in the Definition of Aboriginality in Aboriginal Women’s Fiction
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Oriental enlightenment: the problematic military experiences and cultural claims of Count Maurice Auguste comte de Benyowsky in Formosa during 1771
No full textMaurice Benyowsky's colourful version of his global adventures during the heady, expansive days of the late-Enlightenment remains still as an historical account, and is perhaps destined for reification at a time of romantic, postmodernist cultural affirmation. Yet this paper argues that within it there lies a virile and possibly dangerous Orientalism, one at least partially based upon a lurid, opportunistic and self-seeking fabrication of his visit to Taiwan (Formosa) in the year 1771. This paper examines the veracity, provenance and historiography of the Benyowsky account of late-eighteenth century Formosa, both as an exercise in one facet of Taiwanese history and as some exploration of the origin and maintenance of European views of the "other" and of the "orient" as they were transforming during the late-Enlightenment period. Furthermore a principal task is to provide an historiographical analysis that illustrates both the initial reasons for the acceptance of Benyowsky's lurid account as well as the wider contexts of its long life as a seemingly reliable and authentic tale. Questions remain as to the cultural contexts of any general acceptance of otherwise doubtful stories, experiments, claims and "adventures". Here there is little doubt that the original Memoirs were given greater credence by Benyowsky's talent in self-fashioning his character and status as those of a reliable gentleman
Tavares Bastos: a liberdade política a partir da descentralização
No full textDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências Jurídicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Direito, Florianópolis, 2012.Nesse trabalho será explorada a ideia de descentralização política e administrativa no Brasil no período do Segundo Reinado, no pensamento político de Tavares Bastos. Esse autor inova ao apresentar uma proposta de reforma que pretende solucionar de forma conjunta os problemas políticos e sociais de sua época. Questões como a educação, a abolição da escravidão, a imigração estrangeira, a liberdade de cabotagem, são alguns dos temas levantados pelo autor nesse sentido. Pretendia propor um modelo de Estado que tinha como principal objetivo o desenvolvimento moral e material do país. Para tanto adotou a via da descentralização política e administrativa, como forma de promoção de uma política voltada para a liberdade, preocupada com a sorte do povo e comprometida com o desenvolvimento do país. Assim, pretendeu-se relacionar os direitos fundamentais defendidos e promovidos pelo autor para demonstrar que a descentralização aparece como aspecto fundamental para o exercício da liberdade e à promoção do progresso. Abstract: In this paper we explore the idea of political and administrative decentralization in Brazil during the Empire, the political thoughts of Tavares Bastos. This author innovates to propose a reform intended to address jointly the political and social problems of his time. Issues such as education, the abolition of slavery, foreign immigration, freedom of cabotage between ports, are some of the issues brought by the author in this regard. He intended to propose a model of state which had as main objective the moral and material development of the country. For both adopted the path of political and administrative decentralization as a way of promoting a political freedom, worried about the fate of the people and committed to the development of the country. Thus, we sought to relate the fundamental rights protected and promoted by the author to demonstrate that decentralization appears as a fundamental aspect to the exercise of freedom and the promotion of progress
Quantitative approach to extension and fault characterization within the central and northern Llanos basin, Colombia
No full textThe author has granted permission for their work to be available to the general public.The early Llanos basin developed during the Paleozoic–Mesozoic in a volcanic back arc, formed by subduction along the northwestern corner of the South American plate. In the Cenozoic, accretion of the Panama arch uplifted the Cordillera and isolated the eastern side of the basin into the current configuration. Two major depocenters were present in the northern and central-western Llanos basin, respectively: the Arauca graben resulted from early Paleozoic rifting, and uplift of the Eastern Cordillera led to flexural depression of the lithosphere. Variations in basin depth between these two depocenters and the eastern forebulge, affected fault populations and the distribution of lateral extension within the basin. Extension was calculated from line length balancing along eight sections across the basin, and the results compared with thickness of basin fill, fault population, and basement structure. This study quantitatively demonstrates that extension is greater in areas of thicker basin fill, yet fault population (principally antithetic faults) increases within thinner sections. Distribution of oil fields apparently follows the areas of high fault population, rather than areas of high lateral extension. Overall, NNE–SSW fault orientations in the Casanare domain provide better seals for oil accumulation than the ENE–WSW fault orientations in the Arauca area.Geoscience
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Studies of Genome Editors for Precision Therapeutics and Beyond
No full textWith the advent of recombinant DNA technology in the 1970s, the idea of using genetherapies to treat human genetic diseases captured the interest and imagination of scientists around
the world. Years later, enabled largely by the development of CRISPR-based genome editing tools,
the field has exploded, with academic labs, startup biotechnology companies, and large
pharmaceutical corporations working in concert to develop life-changing therapeutics.
Prime editing is a new genome editing methodology that utilizes novel intermediates. How
the cell processes these intermediates into desired genome editing outcomes has yet to be fully
characterized. In Chapter 2 and 3, we detail our findings which aim to provide insights into the
mechanisms governing prime editing and reveal this new technology to be more ubiquitous than
traditional genome editing tools that rely on S- and G2-phase dependent DNA repair pathways.
Base editing, first reported in 2016, is capable of installing C•G to T•A and A•T to G•C
point mutations, while largely circumventing some of the pitfalls of traditional CRISPR/Cas9 gene
editing. Despite their youth, these technologies have been widely used by both academic labs and
therapeutics-based companies. In Chapter 4, we detail work aimed at addressing two of the main
pitfalls of base editors: limited point mutation installation capability and incompatibility with
optimal viral therapeutic delivery vehicles.
Finally, in Chapter 5, non-scientific development garnered throughout the primary author
and researcher’s tenure is briefly discussed as this work has also led to both personal and
professional advances
Enhanced Laterally Resolved ToF-SIMS and AFM Imaging of the Electrically Conductive Structures in Cable Bacteria
No full textCable bacteria are electroactive bacteria that form a long, linear chain of ridged cylindrical cells. These filamentous bacteria conduct centimeter-scale long-range electron transport through parallel, interconnected conductive pathways of which the detailed chemical and electrical properties are still unclear. Here, we combine time-of-flight secondary-ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) to investigate the structure and composition of this naturally occurring electrical network. The enhanced lateral resolution achieved allows differentiation between the cell body and the cell-cell junctions that contain a conspicuous cartwheel structure. Three ToF-SIMS modes were compared in the study of so-called fiber sheaths (i.e., the cell material that remains after the removal of cytoplasm and membranes, and which embeds the electrical network). Among these, fast imaging delayed extraction (FI-DE) was found to balance lateral and mass resolution, thus yielding the following multiple benefits in the study of structure-composition relations in cable bacteria: (i) it enables the separate study of the cell body and cell-cell junctions; (ii) by combining FI-DE with in situ AFM, the depth of Ni-containing protein - key in the electrical transport - is determined with greater precision; and (iii) this combination prevents contamination, which is possible when using an ex situ AFM. Our results imply that the interconnects in extracted fiber sheaths are either damaged during extraction, or that their composition is different from fibers, or both. From a more general analytical perspective, the proposed methodology of ToF-SIMS in the FI-DE mode combined with in situ AFM holds great promise for studying the chemical structure of other biological systems.BT/Environmental Biotechnolog
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