572 research outputs found
Corneille, Molière et les autres. Stilometrische Analysen zu Autorschaft und Gattungszugehörigkeit im französischen Theater der Klassik
No full textThe digital age, by making large amounts of text available to us, prompts us to develop new and additional reading strategies supported by the use of computers and enabling us to deal with such amounts of text. One such "distant reading" strategy is stylometry, a method of quantitative text analysis which relies on the frequencies of certain linguistic features such as words, letters or grammatical units to statistically assess the relative similarity of texts to each other and to classify texts on this basis. This method is applied here to French drama of the seventeenth century, more precisely to the now famous "Corneille / Molière- controversy". In this controversy, some researchers claim that Pierre Corneille wrote several of the plays traditionally attributed to Molière. The methodological challenge, it is shown here, lies in the fact that categories such as authorship, genre (comedy vs. tragedy) and literary form (prose vs. verse) all have an influence on stylometric distance measures and classification. Cross-genre and cross-form authorship attribution needs to distinguish such competing signals if it is to produce reliable attribution results. This contribution describes two attempts to accomplish this, parameter optimization and feature-range selection. The contribution concludes with some more general remarks about the use of quantitative methods in a hermeneutic discipline such as literary studies
The effects of maize ( Zea mays L.) hybrid and harvest date on above- and belowground biomass dynamics, forage yield and quality – A trade-off for carbon inputs?
No full textThere are two major environmental constraints of silage maize (Zea mays L.) production: loss of soil organic carbon (SOC) and nitrogen (N) leaching to groundwater. Winter catch crops (CC) increase carbon inputs and can accumulate residual N, but only if the preceding maize is harvested timely to allow high above- and belowground biomass and N accumulation. To quantify the combined effects of hybrid maize variety and harvest date on forage yield and quality, as well as on root dynamics, root turnover and carbon input, a two-year field experiment (April 2012–October 2013) was conducted in northern Germany. Early maturing Suleyka was harvested at 10 (hd1) and 20 (hd2) September and mid-early Ronaldinio at 30 September (hd3) and 15 October (hd4). Maize hybrids showed no consistent differences of aboveground dry matter (DM) and N accumulation dynamics. Only the very early harvest (hd1) resulted in 11–13% lower DM yields. Sufficiently high DM and starch contents, however, were not achieved at harvest dates prior to hd3 (30 September). Similar to shoot yield, the final accumulated root biomass, carbon (C) and N were not affected by hybrid/harvest date, and on average amounted 2.48 t DM, 1.2 t C and 52.9 kg N ha‐1 in the upper soil depth of 30 cm, which represented between 77 and 75% of the DM, C and N accumulation to 60 cm soil depth. Root turnover during the growing season reached up to 65, 75 and 69% of root DM, N and C. Stubble DM and C left on the field, however, was 31% lower at early harvest (hd1) compared to later harvests, resulting in a trade-off to total C inputs compared to delayed harvest. The quantified C inputs are discussed by two C balance approaches, which indicate that silage maize cultivation is not necessarily associated with SOC degradation, especially if winter catch crops are introduced
Effects of catch crops on silage maize (Zea mays L.): yield, nitrogen uptake efficiency and losses
No full textUnder the climatic conditions of north-western Europe, silage maize (Zea mays L.) production optimized with respect to nitrogen (N) fertilization and crop rotation is required to reduce N losses. Whether winter catch crops (CC) can serve as a beneficial biological tool in terms of N-loss abatement as well as maize yield also under optimized N management, is unclear. Therefore, a 2-year field experiment was conducted to study the short-term effects of a continuous maize-catch cropping system on maize yield performance, N2O emission and N leaching, as affected by maize harvest/CC sowing date (10, 20, 30 September and 15 October, respectively, hd1–hd4) and CC species (rye, Secale cereale L. and Italian ryegrass, Lolium multiflorum Lam.). Treatments without CC served as control and N fertilization was applied as synthetic N to better adjust to maize N demand. The CC treatment (with or without) had no effect on maize dry matter and N yields, but the N uptake efficiency of maize responded significantly to the N accumulation (Ntot) of CC. Nitrate leaching mostly stayed below the critical load value for EU drinking water and rye significantly reduced nitrate leaching, given that environmental conditions allowed sufficiently high CC biomass accumulation. Annual nitrous oxide emission was unaffected by CC treatment. Restricted N fertilization of maize following CC led to N deficiency, since CC decomposition obviously was not synchronized with maize N demand. Under the given environmental conditions, rye may serve as beneficial CC in continuous maize cropping even in already optimized N management
Above- and belowground nitrogen uptake of winter catch crops sown after silage maize as affected by sowing date
No full textRegions in north-western Europe characterized by high density of livestock/biogas plants and extensive silage maize production are facing major environmental challenges due to excessive residual soil mineral nitrogen (N) in autumn and hence nitrate leaching. Winter catch crops (CC) have potential to accumulate residual N; however, the N uptake potential after maize harvest in autumn and spring remains unclear. Therefore, a two-year field trial (April 2012–April 2014) was conducted at three sites, to quantify the combined effects of four consecutive CC sowing dates (10 Sep; 20 Sep; 30 Sep and 15 Oct) and two CC species (rye, Secale cereale. L. and Italian ryegrass, Lolium multiflorum Lam.) on DM accumulation and N uptake of CC above- and belowground in autumn and spring, and to derive functional relationships. The results clearly showed that rye was more effective in accumulating biomass and nitrogen than Italian ryegrass. The better performance of rye was related to increased growth intensity of roots and shoot, a different allocation pattern and higher N uptake efficiency. An exponential function of temperature sum (Tsum) produced a reliable prediction of above- and belowground biomass and N. To achieve an agronomically relevant N uptake of 20 kg N ha−1, rye required 278 °Cd Tsum, which corresponds to a sowing date latest in the second decade of September. Under favourable growing conditions, a biomass accumulation of up to 5 Mg DM ha−1, corresponding to 83 kg N ha−1 above- and belowground, seems achievable under the given environmental conditions. In continuous maize grown under the environmental conditions of Northern Germany, however, catch crops will not reach a relevant N uptake on the long-term average
A Life Interrupted: Essays in honour of the lives and legacies of Christof Heyns
No full textThis volume of essays, A life interrupted: essays in honour of the lives and legacies of Christof Heyns, honours Christof Heyns, renowned human rights lawyer, advocate, activist and educator, but also down-to-earth family man, friend and colleague. Christof’s sudden and most untimely passing on 28 March 2021 deeply saddened those close to him but also evinced an outpouring of grief from the national and international human rights community. His passing brought a deep sense of loss, in part because, at age 62, he was fully engaged in contributing to the betterment of society and still had so much more to give. His is a life interrupted. But at the same time, looking back over the varied lives he lived, he had already left his mark in so many ways. His influences and impacts are manifold and magical. This collection not only testifies to the legacy that he has left us, but also to the ongoing efforts of many to continue building on his legacy.
This collection contains two sets of essays by family members, friends, colleagues, collaborators and students. Part A contains essays of a more reflective and personal nature, while the contributions in Part B link to the scholarly or academic themes Christof had worked on and explored, including international human rights systems, international law, the right to life, freedom of association, international humanitarian law, the impact of human rights treaties, constitutionalism and legal philosophy. However, a neat distinction between the personal and professional is not possible in respect of such a warm, generous and enthusiastic person as Christof. Most of the essays in Part A integrate some of Christof’s professional and academic achievements, while many of the essays in Part B also reflect on Christof as a person.
The editors, all based at the Faculty of Law, UP, are colleagues and friends who worked closely with Christof. Frans Viljoen succeeded Christof as Director of the Centre for Human Rights. Christof was his doctoral supervisor, mentor and research collaborator. Charles Fombad worked with Christof at ICLA, and took over as ICLA Director after Christof’s passing. Dire Tladi, an ICLA fellow, had his office just across from Christof in ICLA. As member of the International Law Commission, he shared with Christof high level engagement with the UN. While Christof served on the Human Rights Committee, his colleague Ann Skelton serves on the Committee on the Rights of the Child. Magnus Killander worked closely with Christof as co-author and co-editor. Christof was also his doctoral supervisor.
The publication date of this book is 10 January 2022, which is the date marking 63 years since Christof’s birth. The publisher is the Pretoria University Law Press (PULP), of which Christof was also a founder.PublishedThis volume of essays, A life interrupted: essays in honour of the lives and legacies of Christof Heyns, honours Christof Heyns, renowned human rights lawyer, advocate, activist and educator, but also down-to-earth family man, friend and colleague. Christof’s sudden and most untimely passing on 28 March 2021 deeply saddened those close to him but also evinced an outpouring of grief from the national and international human rights community. His passing brought a deep sense of loss, in part because, at age 62, he was fully engaged in contributing to the betterment of society and still had so much more to give. His is a life interrupted. But at the same time, looking back over the varied lives he lived, he had already left his mark in so many ways. His influences and impacts are manifold and magical. This collection not only testifies to the legacy that he has left us, but also to the ongoing efforts of many to continue building on his legacy.
This collection contains two sets of essays by family members, friends, colleagues, collaborators and students. Part A contains essays of a more reflective and personal nature, while the contributions in Part B link to the scholarly or academic themes Christof had worked on and explored, including international human rights systems, international law, the right to life, freedom of association, international humanitarian law, the impact of human rights treaties, constitutionalism and legal philosophy. However, a neat distinction between the personal and professional is not possible in respect of such a warm, generous and enthusiastic person as Christof. Most of the essays in Part A integrate some of Christof’s professional and academic achievements, while many of the essays in Part B also reflect on Christof as a person.
The editors, all based at the Faculty of Law, UP, are colleagues and friends who worked closely with Christof. Frans Viljoen succeeded Christof as Director of the Centre for Human Rights. Christof was his doctoral supervisor, mentor and research collaborator. Charles Fombad worked with Christof at ICLA, and took over as ICLA Director after Christof’s passing. Dire Tladi, an ICLA fellow, had his office just across from Christof in ICLA. As member of the International Law Commission, he shared with Christof high level engagement with the UN. While Christof served on the Human Rights Committee, his colleague Ann Skelton serves on the Committee on the Rights of the Child. Magnus Killander worked closely with Christof as co-author and co-editor. Christof was also his doctoral supervisor.
The publication date of this book is 10 January 2022, which is the date marking 63 years since Christof’s birth. The publisher is the Pretoria University Law Press (PULP), of which Christof was also a founder
Spitzer on Racine, digitally revisited
No full textThis paper revisits, with today's digital corpora and computational methods of text analysis, Léo Spitzer's famous stylistic reading of the tragedies of French seventeenth-century author Jean Racine [1]. Spitzer's analysis was first published in 1928 and richly illustrates the manifestations of a "dampening effect" ("effet de sourdine") which Spitzer claims is characteristic of Racine's poetic style. The present attempt to reimplement Spitzer's study reveals new insights not only into Racine's style, but also into the respective strengths and limitations of both approaches to stylistic analysis and to the contrasting notions of style which underpin them [2].
References:
* Spitzer, Leo. „Die klassische Dämpfung in Racines Stil“ [1928]. In: Romanische Stil- und Literaturstudien I, Marburg: Elwert, 1931, 135-268.
* Léo Spitzer, "L'effet de sourdine dans le style classique: Racine", Études de style. Paris: Gallimard, 1970, p. 208-335.
* J. Berenike Herrmann, Karina van Dalen-Oskam und Christof Schöch, „Revisiting Style, a Key Concept in Literary Studies“, Journal of Literary Theory, vol. 9, no. 1, p. 25-52, 2015.
* Rockwell, Geoffrey. „Replication as a way of knowing in the digital humanities“. Vortrag, Universität Würzburg, 27. April 2016
Editionen
No full textJens Klingner (Hg.): Die Korrespondenz der Herzogin Elisabeth von Sachsen und ergänzende Quellen. Band 2: Die Jahre 1533 und 1534 (Joachim Bahlcke)Sonja Birli (Bearb.): Das Hafenbuch von Treptow an der Rega (1536-1569) (Hg. von Horst Wernicke) (Carsten Jahnke)Hans-Joachim Kühn (Ed.): Landesherrliche Finanzen und Finanzverwaltung im Spätmittelalter. Die Rechnungen der Kellerei Kirkel im Herzogtum Pfalz-Zweibrücken (1434/35-1503/04) (Carsten Woll)Theodor von Schön: Persönliche Schriften. Band 2: Reisen durch Deutschland, England und Schottland Die Berichte an Schrötter und weitere Korrespondenzen (1795-1799). (Hrsg. von Bernd Sösemann. Bearbeitet von Albrecht Hoppe) (Hans-Christof Kraus)Friedrich-Wilhelm von Herrmann, Francesco Alfieri (Hg.): Martin Heidegger. Die Wahrheit über die Schwarzen Hefte (Hubert Kiesewetter)Adam Kozlowiecki: Not und Bedrängnis. Als Jesuit in Auschwitz und Dachau. Lagertagebuch (Wolfgang Benz
Für eine computergestützte literarische Gattungsstilistik
No full textDer vorliegende Beitrag plädiert für eine computergestützte literarische Gattungsstilistik, verstanden als eine Forschungsagenda für die Literaturwissenschaften, welche
hermeneutische und quantitative Methoden verbindet. Diese Agenda wird im Zusammenhang mit einem in Vorbereitung befindlichen Forschungsprojekt zum gleichen Thema formuliert,
das in der romanistischen Literaturwissenschaft angesiedelt ist. Aus diesem Forschungsprojekt werden zwei Zwischenergebnisse berichtet: das erste betrifft die konzeptuelle Verknüpfung von Gattungstheorie und computergestützter Stilistik; das zweite
betrifft die methodische Erweiterung der Principal Component Analysis (PCA) für literaturwissenschaftliche Fragestellungen
Assessing nitrous oxide emissions and productivity of cropping systems for biogas production using digestate and mineral fertilisation in a coastal marsh site
No full textSignificant greenhouse gas emissions during substrate cultivation reduces the potential environmental benefits of biogas production. This study investigates the productivity of different cropping systems and their environmental impact in terms of nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions under the environmental conditions of the coastal marsh regions (Northern Germany) with heavy clay soils, in a 2-year field trial (April 2009-March 2011). Treatments included four cropping systems (perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne, PR) ley, continuous maize (Zea mays), a rotation (CR1) of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum), Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum, IR) and maize, and a rotation (CR2) of maize, winter wheat and IR; two sources of N (nitrogen) fertilizers (calcium ammonium nitrate, and biogas residue (BR)), and three levels of N fertilizer applications (control, moderate, high). Nitrous oxide emissions were determined for the unfertilized and highly fertilized cropping systems comprising PR ley, CR1 and CR2. Cumulative annual N2O emissions varied across the treatments, ranging from 0.82 to 3.4 kg N2O-N ha−1 year−1. Under high N fertilizer applications, PR ley incurred higher N2O-N losses compared to other tested cropping systems, and IR cover crop caused relatively high N2O-N emissions in a short vegetation period. The study observed wide range of yield-scaled emissions (0.00–5.60 kg N2O-N (Mg DM)−1) for different crops, emphasizing the variability in N2O emissions linked to cropping systems. The N2O-N emission factors for the three cropping systems were found to be low to moderate for all treatments, ranging from 0.03% to 0.53% compared to IPCC default Tier 1 N2O-N EFs. The lower emissions in the study were associated with prolonged high soil moisture conditions (water filled pore space >70%.), indicated by its negative correlation with N2O-N fluxes. Low dry matter and N yield of PR and of the wheat-IR sequence after BR application compared to other crops indicated a low N use efficiency. The estimation of N2O-N emissions based on N surplus was not promising specifically for the coastal study site where high groundwater level and organic matter in the soils were the predominant drivers for N2O-N emissions
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