611 research outputs found
Healthcare Activism, Marketization, and the Collective Good
No full textThis chapter engages with three key dynamics of contemporary healthcare - digitalization, marketization and individualization. It draws on several theoretical frameworks to conceptualize the notion of collective good and to consider how healthcare activism may play into defining and defending the collective good when faced with the outlined societal, economic, and scientific dynamics. Presenting contemporary examples from the Covid-19 pandemic, the chapter argues that the way activists define and defend the collective good can only fully be understood by grasping how this good is shaped by other, often more dominant, stakeholders in healthcare: governmental institutions, professional experts, scientists, and private industry – the latter being a focal point of concern for this current volume.European Commission Horizon 2020Check for published version during checkdate report - AC2021-04-28 JG: PDF replaced at author's request2021-06-04 JG: embargo removed following documentation from author/publishe
Simulation-based optimization of IT security controls: Initial experiences with metaheuristic solution procedures
No full textKiesling E, Ekelhart A, Grill B, Strauss C, Stummer C. Simulation-based optimization of IT security controls: Initial experiences with metaheuristic solution procedures. In: Fink A, Geiger MJ, eds. Proceedings of the 14th EU/ME Workshop. Hamburg: Helmut-Schmidt-Universität; 2013: 18-20
Rupprecht Geiger Werkübersicht #16: Trans-Atlantic, Brasilia, São Paulo und Rio, 2001 (WV 898–901)
No full textVeröffentlicht am 29. April 2015 von Archiv 2001 bietet sich Rupprecht Geiger die Möglichkeit der Teilnahme an der XXV. Bienal de São Paolo. Die Einladung war durch Helmut Friedel erfolgt, dem damaligen Direktor der Städtischen Galerie im Lenbachhaus und Kurator des deutschen Beitrages. Es handelte sich jedoch keinesfalls um das erste Gastspiel Geigers in der brasilianischen Hauptstadt: über vierzig Jahre zuvor, zur V. Bienal de São Paolo 1959, war er schon einmal mit zwei Arbeiten (Blaue..
When the Robots (try to) Take Over: Of Artificial Intelligence, Authors, Creativity and Copyright Protection
No full textAs works are increasingly produced by machines using artificial intelligence (AI) systems, with a result often difficult to distinguish from that of a human creator, the question of what should be the appropriate response of the legal system and, in particular, of the copyright system has become central. If the creative input of the author has traditionally been the generator of copyright protection, AI forces to reassess what in the creative process is special in human creativity and where the creative input lies in AI-generated works. But it also poses more fundamental questions on what the copyright system should achieve and who/what it should protect. In particular, as many human authors will potentially face the competition of these AI machines on the market, new ways of remunerating human creators have to be imagined while making sure that the copyright system does not stand in the way of these important technological developments.
This contribution analyses the copyright issues related to so-called “generative AI” systems and reviews the arguments currently advanced to change the copyright regime for AI-generated works. It is argued that the copyrightability of AI-generated outputs should be considered with outmost care and only when AI is used as a technical tool for creators in their creation process- meaning when they can serve a human author. At the same time, AI systems are here to stay, and their development should not be inhibited as they can have many beneficial aspects (including for creators) if appropriately regulated. For this reason, it is proposed that the machine learning process using copyright-protected works to train the AI gives rise to a limitation-based remuneration right to the benefit of human creators.
More generally, it is argued that for the EU to continue to be a vibrant place for culture and creativity, (finally) cherishing and putting the Human Author at the center of the copyright system is necessary (and not only to built-up protection/fences to the benefit of copyright industries). In doing so, we might be able to have in the future AI-robots that serve creators and creativity, and not the other way around
Benno Geiger, umanista mitteleuropeo. Il carteggio con Stefan Zweig
No full textThis article outlines the development of work in progress on the Austrian author Benno Geiger. Mostly forgotten in the field of German studies, Geiger is better known for his writings as an art critic and his translations of Dante, Petrarch and Pascoli than for his compositions as a poet. However, in the decades that followed the Jahrhundertwende, he was a cultural benchmark for an entire generation of artists and intellectuals. In particular, this project focuses on his friendship with Stefan Zweig, which is well documented by a long and intense correspondence (from 1904 to 1939). Both of them see the question of Europeanism in a new light, still to be appraised
Elaborating a Human Rights friendly Copyright Framework for Generative AI
No full textAs works are increasingly produced by machines using artificial intelligence (AI) systems, with a result that is often difficult to distinguish from that of a human creator, the question of what should be the appropriate response of the legal system and, in particular, of the copyright system has become central. If the generator of copyright protection has traditionally been the author’s creative input, AI forces us to reassess what in the creative process is special in human creativity and where the creative input lies in AI-generated works. But it also poses more fundamental questions on what the copyright system should achieve and who/what it should protect. In particular, since many human authors will potentially face the competition of these AI machines on the market, new ways of remunerating creators will have to be imagined while making sure that the copyright system does not stand in the way of these important technological developments.
This contribution analyses the copyright issues related to so-called “generative AI” systems and reviews the arguments currently being advanced to change the copyright regime for AI-generated works. To do so, the underlying human rights framing intellectual property laws are used as the starting point from which a balanced copyright framework for generative AI could (and even should) be derived. It follows from the applicable human rights framework for copyright, but also from the anthropocentric approach of human rights, that the protection of creators and human creativity must be considered the point of reference when assessing future reforms with regard to copyright and generative AI systems. This approach establishes generative AI systems as an instrument of the human creator – and not as a substitute. It also reinforces the notion that copyright should be a tool to protect creativity and creators, not a legal mechanism to secure the amortization of economic investments in AI technology. As a consequence, it is argued that the copyrightability of AI-generated outputs should be considered with utmost care and only when AI is used as a technical tool for creators in their creation process – in other words, when they can serve a human author. At the same time, AI systems are here to stay, and their development should not be inhibited, as they can have many beneficial aspects (including for creators) if appropriately regulated.
The right to train generative AI systems via machine learning technology can be derived from the right to science and culture and freedom of (artistic) expression (Arts. 19 and 27(1) Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR); Art. 15(1)(a) and (b) International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR); Arts. 11 and 13 EU Charter of Fundamental Rights (EUCFR)), as AI can lead to useful advances in science and the arts; moreover, it is important for human creators to be able to use outputs produced by generative AI in their creative process. This grounding is even stronger when the training is conducted for research purposes, as the training process can then also benefit from the fundamental right-to-research justification. However, since a large quantity of copyrighted works is required for the training of generative AI systems, a remuneration obligation for these uses arises from a human rights perspective, in particular when AI systems have a commercial purpose. It follows from the right to the protection of the creator’s moral and material interests (Arts. 27(2) and 17 UDHR, 15(1)(c) ICESCR; 17(2) EUCFR, 1 Protocol No. 1, 8 European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR)) that authors must be adequately remunerated for the commercial use of their works unless there is a strong justification legitimizing the use. For this reason, it is proposed that the machine learning process using copyright-protected works to train the AI gives rise to a limitation-based remuneration right to the benefit of human creators. The article also briefly explores if and when the moral interest of creators deriving from human rights protection could justify their opposition to the use of their work for the purpose of training AI systems. It is argued that the weaker the fundamental rights claim to train the AI is, the stronger the moral rights claim could be. For example, training an AI to produce works for discriminatory or racist purposes will benefit from a weaker (if any) fundamental rights protection, but will potentially raise important moral concerns of the author of the work used for training purposes.
More generally, the article concludes that in order to secure a vibrant space for culture and creativity, (finally) cherishing and putting the Human Author at the center of the copyright system is necessary (and not only to erect fences to the benefit of copyright industries, which could be the unfortunate result of the recent first broad regulatory intervention on AI by the EU, the so-called “Artificial Intelligence Act”). In doing so, it might be possible in the future to have AI-systems that serve creators and creativity, and not the other way around
Buchbesprechungen
No full textGeiger, Helmut: Bankpolitik (Helmut Lipfert)
Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaftliches Institut des Deutschen Gewerkschaftsbundes GmbH: WSI-Studien zur Wirtschafts- und Sozialforschung Nr. 27 (Hermann (Quester)
Berndt, Lothar: Strukturen und Funktionen des Marktes für Investmentzertifikate in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland (Gerd Wassenberg
Adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal/stem cells : tissue localization, characterization, and heterogeneity
No full textAdipose tissue as a stem cell source is ubiquitously available and has several advantages compared to other sources. It is easily accessible in large quantities with minimal invasive harvesting procedure, and isolation of adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (ASCs) yields a high amount of stem cells, which is essential for stem-cell-based therapies and tissue engineering. Several studies have provided evidence that ASCs in situ reside in a perivascular niche, whereas the exact localization of ASCs in native adipose tissue is still under debate. ASCs are isolated by their capacity to adhere to plastic. Nevertheless, recent isolation and culture techniques lack standardization. Cultured cells are characterized by their expression of characteristic markers and their capacity to differentiate into cells from meso-, ecto-, and entodermal lineages. ASCs possess a high plasticity and differentiate into various cell types, including adipocytes, osteoblasts, chondrocytes, myocytes, hepatocytes, neural cells, and endothelial and epithelial cells. Nevertheless, recent studies suggest that ASCs are a heterogeneous mixture of cells containing subpopulations of stem and more committed progenitor cells. This paper summarizes and discusses the current knowledge of the tissue localization of ASCs in situ, their characterization and heterogeneity in vitro, and the lack of standardization in isolation and culture methods
- …
