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Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Bráður nýrnaskaði eftir hjartaskurðaðgerðir: tíðni, áhættuþættir, tengsl við aðra fylgikvilla við og eftir skurðaðgerð, lifun og langtímaáhrif á nýrnastarfsemi
No full textIn line with advances in surgery, perioperative care, and intensive care, the outcome in patients treated for cardiovascular disease has improved. Open-heart surgery is common in most western countries and, in line with the general ageing of populations, the frequency of these procedures is expected to increase in the coming decades. Patients who undergo cardiac surgery often have complex medical problems that predispose them to a range of surgical complications. Among the most common postoperative complications are arrhythmias, most often atrial fibrillation, and bleeding. Acute kidney injury (AKI) is also a common and often serious complication―as well as being a strong risk factor for worse postoperative outcome and increased mortality after surgery. However, many previous studies have suffered from a lack of data on baseline kidney function before AKI as well as selective patient cohorts.
Approximately 250 open-heart surgeries are performed annually in Iceland. However, there has been a lack of data on the incidence and risk factors for AKI following heart surgery. The aim of the studies in this thesis was to evaluate the incidence of AKI using internationally validated criteria. Furthermore, we wanted to examine the association between AKI and other postoperative complications, and also long-term outcome, mainly regarding kidney function and survival. In that context, we particularly examined the effect of recovery of renal function on long-term outcome.
Data were gathered from comprehensive nationwide databases that contained detailed information on all patients who underwent heart surgery in Iceland from 2001 through 2015. Information on kidney function, both pre- and postoperatively, was recorded in a thorough manner, as it is a prerequisite for reliable evaluation of AKI.
The studies showed that the incidence of AKI after cardiac surgery in Iceland was relatively low compared to neighboring countries. In line with previous studies, the preoperative condition of patients was shown to be associated with the incidence of AKI. Advanced age, reduced preoperative kidney function, higher preoperative risk assessment scores, a higher body mass index, and more complex surgery were found to be independent predictors of the development of AKI.
AKI was significantly associated with worse postoperative outcome, as reflected by higher rates of various postoperative complications when compared to patients with normal kidney function postoperatively. Atrial fibrillation, diagnosed in almost half of the patients, was the most common postoperative complication following surgical myocardial revascularization and aortic valve replacement in Iceland. Furthermore, the incidence of atrial fibrillation was higher in patients who sustained AKI than in those who did not. As in the case of AKI, the independent predictors of atrial fibrillation were advanced age, more complex surgery, and higher preoperative risk assessment scores.
The diagnosis of AKI was found to be associated with an increased need for renal replacement therapy and worse long-term kidney function. Also, AKI patients had significantly higher postoperative mortality and worse long-term survival, with survival being inversely correlated to the severity of AKI. Importantly, the majority of patients recovered their renal function after AKI. Although renal recovery was not a significant predictor of one-year survival, it was found to be associated with more favorable long-term survival.
By using extensive comprehensive nationwide databases, it was possible to determine the incidence of AKI after open-heart surgery in Iceland and to define risk factors. Most patients who sustained AKI recovered their renal function and the rate of progression to end-stage renal disease was low. Although AKI appears to be associated with a worse postoperative outcome in patients, early detection of AKI and gaining a better understanding of the risk factors remain important steps in reducing the morbidity and mortality of patients diagnosed with AKI. It is to be hoped that a better understanding of these factors will help to improve the long-term prognosis in this patient group, leading to increased rates of renal recovery and reduced costs of treatment.Framfarir í skurðlækningum og gjörgæslu hafa leitt til bættrar meðferðar
sjúklinga sem þjást af hjarta- og æðasjúkdómum. Í dag eru opnar
hjartaaðgerðir algengar á Vesturlöndum og útlit er fyrir að þeim muni fjölga á
komandi áratugum, samfara auknum fjölda aldraðra. Sjúklingar sem gangast
undir opnar hjartaaðgerðir eru oft með flókin heilsufarsvandamál sem eykur
tíðni fylgikvilla. Á meðal algengustu fylgikvilla eftir opnar hjartaaðgerðir eru
hjartsláttaróregla, einkum gáttatif, og blæðingar. Bráður nýrnaskaði (BNS) er
einnig algengur fylgikvilli eftir hjartaaðgerðir og tengist verri horfum sjúklinga
eftir aðgerð. Skortur á gögnum um grunnstarfsemi nýrna hefur þó verið galli á
mörgum fyrri rannsóknum sem auk þess hafa oft á tíðum skoðað mjög
sérhæfða sjúklingahópa.
Árlega eru framkvæmdar um 250 opnar hjartaaðgerðir á Íslandi og eru um
2/3 þeirra kransæðahjáveituaðgerðir. Markmið þessarar doktorsritgerðar var
að meta tíðni og áhættuþætti BNS eftir hjartaaðgerðir á Íslandi en skort hefur
á slíkar rannsóknir fram til þessa. Auk þess voru könnuð tengsl BNS og
annarra fylgikvilla eftir opnar hjartaaðgerðir. Loks var samband BNS og
langtíma skerðingar á nýrnastarfsemi rannsakað, þar með talið þörf á
nýrnaskilunarmeðferð, sem og langtímalifun. Að lokum var sérstaklega lagt
mat á hvaða áhrif bati á nýrnastarfsemi hefur á horfur sjúklinga sem hljóta
BNS.
Við rannsóknirnar var stuðst við gagnagrunna með ítarlegum upplýsingum
um alla sjúklinga sem gengust undir hjartaaðgerð á Íslandi frá 2001-2015.
Ber þar sérstaklega að nefna nákvæma skráningu á nýrnastarfsemi sjúklinga,
bæði fyrir og eftir aðgerð, en þær upplýsingar eru forsenda til að geta lagt
mat á tíðni og áhættuþætti BNS.
Rannsóknirnar leiddu í ljós að tíðni BNS eftir hjartaaðgerðir er heldur lægri
hér á landi samanborið við nágrannalönd okkar. Líktog aðrar rannsóknir hafa
sýnt er BNS tengdur undirliggjandi ástandi sjúklinga og voru aldur, skerðing á
nýrnastarfsemi fyrir aðgerð, hærri áhættustigun fyrir aðgerð, umfangsmeiri
skurðaðgerð og hærri líkamsþyngdarstuðull sjálfstæðir áhættuþættir.
Bráður nýrnaskaði tengdist verri horfum sjúklinga eftir aðgerð sem meðal
annars endurspeglaðist í hærri tíðni ýmissa fylgikvilla. Gáttatif reyndist
algengasti fylgikvillinn og greindist í nærri helmingi sjúklinga sem gengust
ii
undir kransæðahjáveitu- eða ósæðarlokuskiptaaðgerð á Landspítala. Auk
þess kom í ljós að tíðni gáttatifs var marktækt aukin hjá sjúklingum sem fengu
BNS. Eins og fyrir BNS, reyndust hærri aldur, umfang aðgerðar og hærri
áhættustigun fyrir aðgerð vera sjálfstæðir áhættuþættir fyrir greiningu
gáttatifis.
Greining BNS tengdist einnig aukinni þörf á skammtíma
nýrnaskilunarmeðferð og versnun á langtíma nýrnastarfsemi. Aukinheldur
höfðu sjúklingar sem fengu BNS marktækt lakari lifun eftir aðgerð og reyndist
langtímalifun í öfugu hlutfalli við alvarleika upphaflegs nýrnaskaða. Meirihluti
sjúklinga virtist hinsvegar endurheimta nýrnastarfsemi eftir BNS í kjölfar
aðgerðar. Bati á nýrnastarfsemi spáði ekki fyrir um eins árs lifun sjúklinga en
hinsvegar lifðu sjúklingar sem náðu bata marktækt lengur en
samanburðarhópur sem ekki náði bata.
Með því að notast við yfirgripsmikla og nákvæma gagnagrunna, sem ná til
heillar þjóðar, reyndist unnt að meta tíðni BNS og gáttatifs eftir opnar
hjartaaðgerðir á Íslandi um leið og lifun og forspárþættir lifunar eftir þessar
aðgerðir voru kannaðir. Flestir sjúklingar sem hlutu BNS endurheimtu
nýrnastarfsemi og fáir hlutu endastigs nýrnabilun. Samt sem áður virðist BNS
tengjast verri útkomu eftir hjartaaðgerð og ljóst er að úrræði skortir þegar
greining BNS liggur fyrir. Snemmbúin greining BNS og kortlagning
áhættuþátta á þó vonandi eftir að auka skilning okkar á BNS og hvernig
fyrirbyggja má sjúkdóminn og að bæta horfur þessa sjúklingahóps
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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