1,720,978 research outputs found
Suomen valtiosäännön tulevaisuuden haasteet
Get PDFThe Finnish Constitution has, with several amendments, been valid during three-fourths of century. At present it is challenged in several ways. In this article the principal attention has been paid to three aspects. First, the changes concerning certain aspects of the political constitution are analyzed. The main attention is paid to the role played by the inofficial political actors. In particular the relations of such actors as interest organizations and »market powers» to the political parties are under analysis. Secondly, the future developments between the principal constitutional actors are considered. The present Finnish constitutional dispute between the President of the Republic and the Council of State about the representation of the Finnish Government in EU summits is analyzed. The author believes that instead of a personal conflict between the President and the Prime Minister a more deep-reaching constitutional conflict can be found in the background. A dispute on principle between the executing state organs and, hence, between semi- presidentialism and parliamentarism as state forms is ongoing in the Finnish political system. Thirdly, the consequences of Finland’s joining the European Union are considered. Especially the fact that different interest organizations have proved to have a strong say in the decision-making system of the EU is emphasized
Parlamentaarinen kontrolli Pohjoismaissa
Get PDFThis article compares the devices of parliamentary control in the Nordic political systems. There are some differences in the forms of control among the countries of the region. One conspicious difference has to do with the use of parliamentary committees. Their importance in Finland is quite modest, as compared especially with Denmark and Norway, where they constitute a very important device for parliamentary control. In the course of this century, at least four common trends can be discerned in the use of parliamentary control in the Nordic countries. First, the focus of control has moved from the cabinet as a colective body to individual ministers and to the apparatus of public administration. Secondly, parallel to this trend, the legal forms of control have remained in the background at the expense of different means of political control. Thirdly, among the political devices »hard» control means have lost their importance while those connected with the acquisition of information have gained ground. Lastly, the use of those control forms that fulfill the publicity function has increased
Finnish Local Government 2004: Non-Governmental Organisations 2002
No full textTutkimuksessa kartoitettiin erilaisten yhdistysten toimintaa ja toimijoita. Aihepiirit käsittelevät mm. rahoitusta, jäsenistöä, vaikuttamiskeinoja ja toiminnan muotoja. Aluksi kysyttiin perustietoja yhdistyksen toiminnasta kuten toiminta-alue, valtakunnalliseen liittoon kuuluminen, yhteistyö muiden yhdistysten ja keskusjärjestöjen kanssa, toimintamotiivi ja toiminnan painopisteet. Tämän jälkeen esitettiin kysymyksiä jäsenistä: jäsenten laadusta (yksityishenkilöitä vai yhteisöjä), jäsenmäärästä, sukupuoli- ja ikäjakaumasta, jäsenmäärään kehityksestä ja jäsenten osallistumisaktiivisuudesta. Vastaajilta tiedusteltiin myös, kuinka paljon päätoimisia ja sivutoimisia henkilöitä yhdistyksessä työskentelee, ja onko yhdistykseen palkattu henkilöitä työllistämistuella. Myös työmäärään jakautumista eri työntekijöiden kesken arvioitiin. Seuraavat kysymykset koskivat yhdistyksen taloutta. Vastaajilta kysyttiin yhdistyksen menoista, tulonlähteistä, rahallisesta ja ei-rahallisesta tuesta. Lisäksi kysyttiin, onko yhdistyksen omistuksessa osakeyhtiötä, säätiötä, toimitilaa tai muita kiinteistöjä tai osakkeita, ja onko yhdistys saanut toimitiloja käyttöönsä ilmaiseksi tai käypää arvoa alemmalla hinnalla. Vastaajilta tiedusteltiin myös yhdistyksen sisäisestä ja ulkoisesta vuorovaikutuksesta. Haluttiin tietää mm. onko yhdistyksen luottamushenkilöiden joukossa kunnanvaltuuston, -hallituksen tai kunnallisen lautakunnan jäseniä tai kunnan johtavia viranhaltijoita. Yhdistyksen vaikuttamistapoja kunnalliseen päätöksentekoon kartoitettiin listaamalla useita vaihtoehtoja, joista vastaajat valitsivat omalle yhdistykselleen sopivat. Yhdistyksen suhdetta kunnan päättäjiin selvitettiin myös kysymällä päättäjien aktiivisuutta huomioida yhdistysten kantoja niitä koskevissa päätöksissä, sekä yhdistyksestä lähtevää aktiivisuutta yhteistyöhön eri keinoilla. Vastaajia pyydettiin lisäksi arvioimaan, kuinka moniin kysymyksiin yhdistys pyrkii vuosittain vaikuttamaan ja kuinka tuloksellisia vaikuttamispyrkimykset ovat olleet. Haluttiin tietää mm. se, onko yhdistys joutunut puuttumaan yhdistyksen tavoitteiden kannalta haitallisiin kunnan päätöksiin. Tämän lisäksi vastaajat arvioivat kunnan koko järjestökentän vaikuttamispyrkimysten laajuutta ja vaikuttamispyrkimysten tuloksellisuutta. Lisäksi tiedusteltiin yhteistyöstä muiden yhdistysten sekä puolueryhmien kanssa. Seuraavissa kysymyksissä kartoitettiin yhdistyksen palvelutuotantoon liittyviä asioita esittämällä kysymyksiä yhteistyöstä kunnan kanssa palvelutuotannon alalla, kilpailutilanteesta ja palvelujen laadun arvioimisesta. Viimeiset kysymykset koskivat vapaaehtoistoimintaa. Niillä kartoitettiin vapaaehtoistoiminnan aktivoimisen helppoutta, vapaaehtoisten määrää ja osuutta yhdistyksen eri toiminnoissa ja vapaaehtoisten kouluttamista. Vastaajilta tiedusteltiin myös useiden toimijoiden yhteishankkeisiin osallistumisesta ja yhdistyksen yhteiskunnallisesta roolista/rooleista. Lopuksi esitettiin vielä väittämiä koskien yhdistysten toimintaa palvelujen tuottajina ja vapaaehtoistoiminnan järjestäjinä. Taustamuuttujia olivat mm. kunnan asukasmäärä, yhdistyksen kieli ja yhdistyksen luokka.In this study, the activities of various non-governmental and voluntary organisations (third sector organisations) were surveyed. The topics included their financing, members, means of influencing, and forms of activity. First, the respondents were asked about their organisations' area of operation, membership in a nationwide union or association, cooperation with other organisations and central organisations, motive for action, and focus of activity. Some questions concentrated on the members in the organisations and their number and nature (i.e. whether they were individuals or communities), their age and sex distribution, and changes in their number and activity. The respondents were also asked about the number of full-time and part-time employees working in the organisation, as well as the number of employees hired with the help of employment subsidies. In addition, the respondents evaluated the distribution of work load among the employees. Further questions covered the economy of the organisations. The respondents gave their views on their organisations' expenditure, sources of income, and financial and non-financial support. They were also asked whether their organisations owned a company, foundation, premises, or other properties or shares, and whether their organisations had received facilities at their disposal for free or under the market price. The respondents gave their opinions on their organisations' interaction and intra-action. Questions focused on the organisations' elected officials, means of influencing municipal decision-making, and relations with municipal decision-makers. The respondents were also asked to evaluate how many issues their organisations and the organisations in their municipality strive to influence in a year, as well as how successful these ambitions had been in the past. Views on cooperation with other organisations and parties were also probed. In relation to service provision, the respondents were asked about their organisations' cooperation with municipality as regards service provision, competition, and service quality control. Further questions focused on voluntary activities. The organisations' participation in joint ventures and its role/roles in society were queried. Lastly, the respondents were presented with a set of statements relating to their organisations' activities as service and voluntary activity providers. Background variables included size of municipality, and the organisation's language and classification
Aktiiviset ja passiiviset äänestäjät
Get PDFThe main purpose of the study has been to shed light on the characteristics of the Finnish nonvoters through a longitudinal multi-election analysis. The empirical analysis is based on a random sample of the electorate in a middle — size Finnish city, Turku. The voting behaviour of the sample was followed in six successive elections during 1979—1987. The main findings point out that generalizations made in one — election studies mainly hold true also in this study. There are, however, certain exceptions which characterize the electorate when analyzed longitudinally. Among those persons (about 5 %) who did not vote in any of the six elections under consideration especially two groups emerged. One group was composed of elderly single persons with only a few daily contacts with other people. The other remarkable nonvoting group was composed of young persons with numerous contextual changes
Nuorten järjestelmäkiinnittyminen
Get PDFThe study is based upon a longitudinal analysis of voting participation among young adults. System Commitment Two samples of voters representing different political generations were picked from the Among Young Adults voting register. Both age cohorts were followed through five elections from the age of eighteen to the age of twenty-seven years. The older cohort, franchised in the early seventies, participated on average more actively compared to the younger cohort, franchised in the beginning of the eighties. The share of completely non-committed voters was, however, smaller among the younger age cohort in comparison with the older one. This may be interpreted as evidence of a change in voting patterns with a greater share of the younger generation representing the issue voting model while the older one behaves according to the more traditional party identification model. The analysis also pointed out that low turnout could be explained to a large extent by the »portrait of the underdog». But regarding both cohorts, changes in life-situation during the period under analysis worked out as better explanations of variations in participation activity than the conventional socio-demographic variables usually applied in cross-cut analyses
- …
