1,720,956 research outputs found
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
Neuroscience and the Adjudication of Uncontrollability
No full textDuring the Italian Renaissance, Leonardo da Vinci conducted research on neuroscience, striving to explain “how the brain processes visual and other sensory input, and integrates that information via the soul”. Jonathan Pevsner observes that Leonardo da Vinci took an “integrative approach to art and science”. Today, research takes an integrative approach to law and science, examining how neuroscience works in the administration of justice. Neuroscience has contributed substantially to criminal adjudication by providing criminal law with context, encouraging humane sentencing, increasing objectivity in evidence, and supporting explanations that link brain anatomy with human behaviour. In addition, neuroscience prompts a re-evaluation of the concept of free will in human behaviour and the human brain. Although free will has been viewed as an assumption underlying criminal law, neuroscience suggests that free will may be an illusion. Neuroscience plays a crucial role in courts adjudicating crimes triggered by varying degrees of uncontrollability. Uncontrollability of actions occurs from conditions such as brain lesion, frontotemporal dementia, enlarged amygdala, and addiction to narcotics. The contributions of neuroscience to the justice system have the potential to be strengthened even further. Prospective measures for promoting individuals’ future well-being, ethical frameworks for safeguarding fundamental rights, enabling the symbiotic evolution of law and neuroscience, and removing obstacles to neuroscientific research are some of the ways to create an infrastructure in which law can benefit from the flourishing of neuroscience
CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Get PDFOn February 8, 2022, the Italian Parliament approved constitutional amendments to protect the environment. A member of Parliament stated that the environment is an element of Italy, and that safeguarding the environment means safeguarding humans. The need to protect the environment seems to have become a critical component of public conscience. Likewise, if society perceives that artificial intelligence is vitally important for humanity, does constitutional law allow constitutional rights for artificial intelligence to be created?
Extending constitutional rights to artificial intelligence may be consistent with the jurisprudential history of rights. Constitutional rights have undergone metamorphosis over time to protect new subjects and create new rights. For example, in 1994, the United States Supreme Court extended free speech rights under the First Amendment to cable operators because they were new actors that emerged with the development of cable technology. Artificial intelligence is also a new actor that emerged with the advent of digital technology.
What could be the justifications for the constitutional protection of artificial intelligence? Both the decision of the Conseil Constitutionnel of France of June 18, 2020, and the opinion of the United States Supreme Court in Packingham v. North Carolina suggest a reasoning based on necessity. When certain artificial intelligence is indispensable for preventing the violation of existing constitutional rights, this need may provide a justification for protecting the existence of such artificial intelligence through constitutional rights. Attaining pleasures of benevolence under Jeremy Bentham’s philosophy could be another justification for conferring constitutional rights to artificial intelligence. This justification, however, invokes questions on what happiness of artificial intelligence might mean, prompting a reconsideration of the criterion of the utility calculus. Meanwhile, justifications for conferring constitutional free speech rights to artificial intelligence include the pursuit of truth and the facilitation of the technology’s characteristic activity that contributes to humanity
The Global Artificial Intelligence Revolution Challenges Patent Eligibility Laws
Get PDFThis Article examines patent eligibility jurisprudence of artificial intelligence in the United States, Europe, France, Japan, and Singapore. It identifies de facto requirements of patent-eligible artificial intelligence. It also examines the adaptability of patent eligibility jurisprudence to adapt with the growth of artificial intelligence
Action-Based Climate Change Governance Through Technology and Intellectual Property
Get PDF20 pagesThis Article first observes that climate change challenges traditional legal procedures and doctrines; explores how artificial intelligence contributes to energy optimization, polycentric climate impact assessments through machine learning, and the democratization of climate change governance through Big Data; and points out that the veracity of communication regarding climate change is a concern for an action-based approach because communication often influences one’s decision to act
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