24 research outputs found
Pengaruh Penambahan Ekstrak Buah Mengkudu yang Disuplementasi Cu dan Zn dalam Ransum Terhadap Bobot Potong, Karkas, Giblet, dan Lemak Abdominal Ayam Sentul
Get PDFTujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui pengaruh penambahan ekstrak buah mengkudu yang disuplementasi Cu dan Zn dalam ransum terhadap bobot potong, karkas, giblet, dan lemak abdominal ayam Sentul. Penelitian menggunakan 100 DOC ayam Sentul yang dipelihara selama 12 minggu di Test Farm Fakultas Peternakan, Universitas Padjadjaran. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode eksperimental dengan Rancangan Acak Lengkap dan 5 perlakuan, yaitu P0 sebagai kontrol (ransum basal/RB), P1 (RB + 50 mg/kg zinc bacitracin), P2 (RB + 125 mg/kg ekstrak mengkudu disuplementasi Cu, Zn), P3 (RB + 250 mg/kg ekstrak mengkudu disuplementasi Cu, Zn), P4 (RB + 375 mg/kg ekstrak mengkudu disuplementasi Cu, Zn). Perlakuan diulang sebanyak 4 kali, ayam ditempatkan di kandang koloni di mana setiap kandang terdiri dari 5 ekor. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penambahan ekstrak buah mengkudu yang disuplementasi Cu dan Zn dalam ransum sampai dengan level 375 mg/kg tidak berpengaruh nyata terhadap bobot potong, karkas, giblet, dan lemak abdominal pada ayam Sentul. Dengan demikian, dapat disimpulkan bahwa penambahan ekstrak buah mengkudu yang disuplementasi Cu dan Zn dalam ransum sampai dengan level 375 mg/kg memberikan performa yang sama dengan ayam Sentul yang diberikan antibiotik zinc bacitracin.
Londres, ciudad única. Crítica de libros
Get PDFThis book by Rasmunssen examines London with an extraordinary spatial expanse, character-ized by its free and original layout, made up of the union of different towns, and with an abun-dance of free spaces. It is an interesting analysis of the British capital, which examines small urban structures such as squares with a special emphasis, as well as their attractive vertical houses. The author of the review makes note of the passion shown by Rasmussen, which causes him to forget certain defects present within the city, such as the positive view upon the continuity of the layout found in the City. The author finds this last element to be something negative, which explains the unsatisfactory present situation. It also explains the unconvincing Victorian London, which the Danish professor ignores, as well as the inability to convert the river into a true city center after having relegated Southwark to the condition of a suburb.</p
An incentive to wander: The case of the Leyweg
No full textIn the Netherlands, shopping centres are abun¬dant. Whether they are large-scale malls or small neighbourhood centres, they are woven into the fabric of Dutch society. But recently and in the future many malls will be facing the prospect of vacancy. A response therefore is needed. This design was created for the Leyweg in the Hague, and exemplary neighbourhood mall of the Netherlands. The design is focused on the social sustainability of a mall, a future proof design that could be applied to the many small scale shopping malls in the Netherlands. It is designed as a centre in the neighbourhood for people to come together, to meet each other, not solely as an incentive to seduce people to buy as much as possible. By bringing multiple functions in the mix, such as dance, study, work and community spaces, the mall becomes an centre point for the vicinity and attracts a large, diverse audience. It is made for people to just simply be there, to explore, to bring an incentive to wander.Architecture, Urbanism and Building Sciences | Heritage & Architectur
Isolation and amplification of the phy gene coding phytase from bacillus sp.
Get PDFPoultry are unable to metabolize phytic acid in feed due to no enzyme to digest and
degrade it. Therefore, phytic acid becomes an anti-nutritional substance in poultry feed
which can result in decreased feed efficiency, decreased nutrient intake which gave a
negative impact on health and production. The addition of phytase in the poultry ration
is necessary to degrade phytic acid. However, the availability of phytase in Indonesia is
still limited because technology in Indonesia is still inadequate to produce phytase, so
Indonesia cannot produce it itself and still imports phytase at quite high prices. This study
aims to isolate and amplify the phy gene encoding phytase derived from native microbe"s
genus Bacillus from Indonesia. The method used in present study was to isolate the
genome of Bacillus using cell lysis method, then amplify the genome using polymerase
chain reaction (PCR) method. The results of this study were that genome isolation
results from Bacillus gene sources were obtained that the purity of A260/A280 from B. sp 6,
B. sp 7, and B. licheniformis was 1.86 μg/mL, 1.95 μg/mL and 1.86 μg/mL, respectively.
Furthermore, the present study showed that 0.4 μM/μL primer concentration was able
to amplify the phy gene. 200-400 ng/μL DNA template concentration can produce
optimal DNA bands during amplification of the phy gene in Bacillus sp. In conclusion,
amplification was successfully carried out on B. sp and B. licheniformis. The length of the
phy gene in B. sp is 1149 bp and the phy gene in B. licheniformis is 1146 bp. The genus
Bacillus native to Indonesia has the potential to be continued as a source of phytase
producing genes
Inside the Digital Revolution
No full textTechnology and transparency combined to create the digital revolution, which in turn has ushered in a new form of monitory democracy. Communicative abun-dance and global interconnection mean the democratic franchise can expand and deepen, but the author argues that it matters who is made transparent and for what purpose. Content and context matter. Technology and transparency can be used to strengthen democracy by opening up government to citizens, but the same tools can also be used by the state to surveil and disempower citizens, there-by damaging democracy. The author uses three case studies to discuss the impact of digitizing information on power relations between citizens and states. First, her observations as the journalist and litigant in the legal case that forced the digitization of UK parliamentary expense records, which when leaked created one of the biggest political scandals in that country for decades. Second, she ob-tained the entire set of U.S. diplomatic cables and reported on their contents for the Guardian. Lastly, she served as a member of the Independent Surveillance Review Panel, set up by the UK government to investigate allegations made by Edward Snowden that the UK and U.S. governments were conducting mass sur-veillance programs that were potentially illegal and lacked adequate oversight. The case studies show how journalism is integral not only to identifying useful civic information but also maximizing the public good from leaked information while minimizing har
Testing the enemy release hypothesis in the invasive fish Amatitlania nigrofasciata (Perciformes: Cichlidae) in Mexico
Get PDFArtículo producto de tesis DoctoralThe enemy release hypothesis (ERH) posits that invasive species are released from their natural enemies in their invasive range, which promotes their successful invasion. In this study, we tested the ERH in a population of the convict cichlid Amatitlania nigrofasciata, an invasive species in Mexico. The ERH predicts that the convict cichlid: (a) is not infected by specialist helminth parasites in the invasive range; (b) has lower infection parameter values, as measured through richness, prevalence, abundance and diversity of helminths, than a native species—the redside cichlid Cichlasoma istlanum; and (c) is not affected in its condition factor by the abundance of helminths it carries. The convict cichlid was infected by two (33%) specialist helminths relative to the six specialist helminths that infect the cichlid in its native range. The convict cichlid had lower helminth richness and diversity than the redside cichlid. However, the prevalence and abundance of the par- asite species varied between the host fish. While the prevalence and abundance of the nematode Rhabdochona kidderi was higher in the redside cichlid, the prevalence and abundance of the trematode Uvulifer sp. was higher in the convict cichlid. The condition factor in both host fish was not correlated with helminth abun- dance. Our results do not agree with the prediction that the convict cichlid is completely released from spe- cialist parasites, nor with the prediction that this invasive species has lower infection parameter values than the native redside cichlid. However, our results agree with the prediction that the abundance of parasite hel- minths do not affect the cichlid’s condition factor. More studies are necessary to determine the advantages that the convict cichlid could have in the invasive range when it is infected with a low richness and diversity of helminths.The National Council of Science and Technology of Mexico (CONACyT) granted to first author with the schol- arship (238326) to carry out doctorate studies
Recommended from our members
Unlocking Water's Potential for Energy Storage: Abundant Materials for a Ubiquitous Problem
Get PDFWater is an absolute necessity for life as we know it. It provides a useful medium in which chemical reactions take place that allowed for the development of single cellular organisms. When combined with the evolutionary accident that was pho- tosynthesis, water became not only a useful medium chemical reactions, but also a ready feedstock for the storage of chemical energy.
The potential to use water as the feedstock for energy storage is not simply of interest on the cellular level. One of the earliest popular references to the use of water for energy storage was by the 19th-century science fiction writer Jules Verne
in The Mysterious Island in 1874, and ever since then idea has tantalized scientists and engineers. The benefits of a energy system based on the conversion of water into a fuel and then back to water are self-evident and as a result the topic has been the focus considerable interest over the past 144 years. In that time, however, the energy required to produce hydrogen at the scale necessary has not been available.
The technologies required to enable the actual transition from a carbon-based energy dependence to a renewable energy system are only recently coming on-line. The greatest driver in this transition is the realization that continued reliance on fossil energy has placed us at the cusp of environmental catastrophe. This, in turn, has driven the development of renewable energy generation technologies. Gains in renewable energy capacity have exposed the inherent dissonance between when renewable energy is available and when energy in general in demand, in order to bridge that gap energy storage technologies need to be developed and deployed on a truly massive scale.
The scale of the energy storage problem necessitates strategies that utilize abun- dant materials for components of an energy storage system. This allows us to fall back on some microbial wisdom and refocus on water as an energy storage feedstock. Converting water into hydrogen and oxygen and then storing the hy-
drogen for later use as a fuel can be achieved by three means: thermochemical, photoelectrochemical, and electrochemical. The most technologically feasible and widely applicable method of hydrogen generation is via electrochemical means. Of the electrochemical devices for hydrogen production, the most efficient rely on the use of platinum group metals (PGM) as catalysts, adding significant cost to their manufacture and limiting the scale at which they can be deployed. This points to the need to develop non-PGM catalysts for use in water-splitting devices.
This dissertation focuses on two main subjects. First is the synthesis and physical characterization of first-row transition metal-based materials deposited in meso- porous substrates and their electrochemical performance as catalysts in water- splitting reactions. Second is the field’s current understanding of correlation be- tween the presence of iron and catalyst efficacy with the author’s own work demonstrating the superior performance of iron based catalysts. It is the hope of the author that reader will gain knowledge of the methods of deposition in porous carbon substrates and an understanding of electrochemical characterization of catalyst performance as it applies to water-splitting reactions
POLITICAL ISLAM: Asking the Wrong Questions?
No full textThe empirical literature on political Islam is fairly rich and getting better, but theoretical interpretations of these data are still quite primitive. This gap is a product of Orientalist traditions that essentialize Islamic movements, a resulting lack of appreciation for their global diversity, and the inevitable politicization of the subject matter. This essay seeks not only to identify the most important studies in the field but to show how they suggest a typology, chronology, and problematic that might lead to more fruitful analysis in the future.ABDELMALEK A, 1963, DIOGENES, V44, P107; ABRAHAMIAN E, KHOMEINISM ESSAYS IS; Abrahamian Ervand, 1989, IRANIAN MOJAHEDIN; Abun-Nasr Jamil M., 1965, TIJANIYYA SUFI ORDER; Adelkhah Fariba, 2000, BEING MODERN IRAN; Ahmed A. S., 1992, POSTMODERNISM ISLAM; Akhavi Shahrough, 1980, RELIG POLITICS CONT; Almond G., 2003, STRONG RELIG RISE FU; Amir Rana Muhammad, 2004, A Z JEHADI ORG PAKIS; Ammerman Nancy T, 1987, BIBLE BELIEVERS FUND; [Anonymous], 2005, ECONOMIST; Arjomand Said Amir, 1989, TURBAN CROWN ISLAMIC; Auty R, 1993, SUSTAINING DEV MINER; Ayubi N., 1993, POLITICAL ISLAM RELI; Bayat Mangol, 1982, MYSTICISM DISSENT SO; BAYULGEN O, 2005, BUSINESS POLIT, P7; Berman Paul, 2003, TERROR LIBERALISM; Blanchard Christopher M, 2005, AL QAEDA STATEMENTS; Bowen John, 2003, ISLAM LAW EQUALITY I; Buehler Arthur F., 1998, SUFI HEIRS PROPHET I; BURKE J, 2004, ALQAEDA TRUE STORY R; Carapico Sheila, 1998, CIVIL SOC YEMEN POLI; Carpenter Joel A., 1997, REVIVE US AGAIN REAW; Chehabi Houchang, 1990, IRANIAN POLITICS REL; Cleveland William, 1985, ISLAM W SHAKIB ARSLA; Cole J., 1986, SHIISM SOCIAL PROTES; Crenshaw M., 1994, TERRORISM CONTEXT; Crystal Jill, 1990, OIL POLITICS GULF RU; Davis JM, 2003, MARTYRS: INNOCENCE, VENGEANCE, AND DESPAIR IN THE MIDDLE EAST, P1; *DEF SCI BOARD, 2004, TASK FORC STRAT COMM; DELCASTLLO D, 2001, CHRON HIGHER ED 0928, pA19; DELONG J, 2001, DEALING ISLAMIC REFO; Delong-Bas N. J., 2004, WAHHABI ISLAM REVIVA; Duverger M, 1954, POLITICAL PARTIES TH; ECIKELMAN D, 1996, MUSLIM POLITICS; EICKELMAN D, 1975, MOROCCAN ISLAM TRADI; Eickelman Dale F., 1985, KNOWLEDGE POWER MORO; ELLENS H, 2003, DESTRUCTIVE POWER RE, V1; Esmer Y., 2003, HUMAN VALUES SOCIAL, P35; Esposito J.L., 2001, MAKERS CONT ISLAM; FANDY M, 2001, SUADI ARABIA POLITIC; Fischer M. M. J., 1980, IRAN RELIG DISPUTE R; FORAN J, 1994, CENTURY REVOLUTIONS; Geertz Clifford, 1971, ISLAM OBSERVED RELIG; Geertz Clifford, 1976, RELIG JAVA; Gellner Ernest, 1994, CONDITIONS LIBERTY C; Gellner Ernest, 1977, PATRONS CLIENTS MEDI; GILSENAN M, 1983, RECOGNIZING ISLAM AN; HAMDI M, 1998, MAKING ISLAMIC LEADE; Hammoudi A., 1997, MASTER DISCIPLE CULT; HAMZEDH A, 2004, PATH HIZBULLAH; Harik Judith Palmer, 2004, HEZBOLLAH CHANGING F; HEFNER R, 2004, REMAKIGN MUSLIM POLI; Hefner R.W., 2000, CIVIL ISLAM MUSLIMS; Henry C. M., 2001, GLOBALIZATION POLITI; Hermansen Marcia, 1995, CONCLUSIVE ARGUMENT; Hooker M.B., 2003, INDONESIAN ISLAM SOC; Hudson Rex A., 2002, WHO BECOMES TERRORIS; Huntington S.P, 1995, CLASH CIVILIZATIONS; Inglehart Ronald, 2003, FOREIGN POLICY MAR, P67; JAHANBAKSH F, 2001, ISLAM DEMOCRACY MODE; Kalyvas SN, 2006, CAMB STUD COMPAR, P1, DOI 10.1017-CBO9780511818462; Karl T. L., 1997, PARADOX PLENTY OIL B; Kazemi Farhad, 1980, POVERTY REVOLUTION I; KEDIE N, 1972, SCH SAINTS SUFIS MUS; Kedourie Elie, 1994, DEMOCRACY ARAB POLIT; Kepel Gilles, 2003, JIHAD TRAIL POLITICA; Khalid Adeeb, 1999, POLITICS MUSLIM CULT; Kim Younkyoo, 2003, RESOURCE CURSE POSTC; KIMBALL C, 2002, WHEN RELIG BECOMES E; Kuczynski P-P, 2003, WASHINGTON CONSENSUS; KURZMAN C, 1998, LIBERAL ISLAM SOUREB; Lewis Bernard, 2002, WHAT WENT WRONG CLAS; Lewis Bernard, 1990, ATLANTIC MONTHLY, V266, P47; Lindqvist Sven, 2003, HIST BOMBING; LIPSET SM, 1959, AM POLIT SCI REV, V53, P69, DOI 10.2307-1951731; Lockman Zachary, 2004, CONTENDING VISIONS M; Luciani G., 1990, ARAB STATE; MAJID A, 2000, UNVEILING ISLAM POST; Mandaville P, 2001, TRANSNATIONAL MUSLIM; MARLIN R, 2004, WHAT DOES ALQAEDA WA; MARTIN W, 1996, GOD OUR SIDE RISE RL; Marty M.E., 1991, FUNDAMENTALISMS OBSE; Masud Muhammad Khalid, 2000, TRAVELLERS FAITH STU; McDermott Terry, 2005, PERFECT SOLDIERS HIJ; McKenna T, 1998, MUSLIM RULERS REBELS; Mitchell Richard, 1993, SOC MUSLIM BROTHERS; Moaddel M, 2002, JORDANIAN EXCEPTIONA; MOORE RI, 1991, FORMATION PERSECUTIN; Moslem Mehdi, 2002, FACTIONAL POLITICS P; MOUSSALLI A, 1993, RADICAL ISLAMIC FUND; Nakash Yitzhak, 2003, SHIIS IRAQ; NASR S, 1996, MAWDUDI MAKIGN ISLAM; Nasr S.V, 1994, VANGUARD ISLAMIC REV; Navaro-Yashin Y., 2002, FACES STATE SECULARI; Nirenberg David, 1998, COMMUNITIES VIOLENCE; NOMANI F, 1994, ISLAMIC EC SYSTEMS; Paden J., 1973, RELIG POLITICAL CULT; Pape Robert, 2005, DYING WIN STRATEGIC; Peletz Michael G., 2002, ISLAMIC MODERN RELIG; *PEW GLOB ATT SURV, 2005, ISL EXT COMM CONC MU; Rahnema Ali, 2000, ISLAMIC UTOPIAN POLI; Rashid Ahmed, 2000, TALIBAN MILITANT ISL; Reed Steven R., 1993, MAKING COMMON SENSE; Riesebrodt Martin, 1993, PIOUS PASSION EMERGE; Rizvi S. A. A., 1980, SHAH WALI ALLAH HIS; ROBERS P, 2004, END OIL EDGE PERILOU; Ross ML, 2001, WORLD POLIT, V53, P325, DOI 10.1353-wp.2001.0011; Roy O., 1994, FAILURE POLITICAL IS; Roy O., 2004, GLOBALIZED ISLAM SEA; ROY O, 1990, ISLAM RESISTASNCE AF; Roy Olivier, 2004, ISLAMIST NETWORKS AF; RUTHVEN M, 1986, ISLAM WORLD; Sadowski YM, 1998, MYTH GLOBAL CHAOS; Sageman M, 2004, UNDERSTANDING TERROR NETWORKS, P1; Said Edward, 2002, HARPERS MAGAZINE JUL, P69; Said Edward W., 1978, ORIENTALISM; Schatz Edward, 2004, MODERN CLAN POLITICS; Schwedler J., 1995, CIVIL SOC MIDDLE E P; SEVASTOPULO D, 2005, FINANC TIMES 0706; Simmons M., 2005, TWILIGHT DESERT COMI; Simone T. A. M., 1994, WHOSE IMAGE POLITICA; Stepan A, 2003, J DEMOCR, V14, P30, DOI 10.1353-jod.2003.0064; STERN J, 2003, TERROR NAME GOD RELI; TAMMAM H, 2003, MONDE DIPL; VARSHNEYA, 2003, ETHNIC CONFLICT CIVI; Verkaaik O., 2004, MIGRANTS MILITANTS F; Victor Barbara, 2003, ARMY ROSES INSIDE WO; Voll John O., 1994, ISLAM CONTINUITY CHA; Wickham Carrie Rosefsky, 2002, MOBILIZING ISLAM REL; WIKTOROWICZ Q, 2001, MANAGEMETN ISLAMIC A; Wiktorowicz Quintan, 2004, ISLAMIC ACTIVISM SOC; Wiktorowicz Quintan, 2001, MANAGEMENT ISLAMIC A; Wilcox Clyde, 2000, ONWARD CHRISTIAN SOL; WUTHNOW R, SAVING AM FAITH BASE; Yassini Ayman Al, 1985, RELIG STATE KINGDOM; Yavuz M.H., 2003, TURKISH ISLAM SECULA; YAVUZ MH, 2001, ISLAMIC POLITICAL ID; Zaman M. Q., 2002, ULAMA CONT ISLAM CUS; ZOGBY J, 2002, IMPRESSIONS AM; Zogby James, 2002, WHAT ARABS THINK109
Martiodendron elatum var. occidentale R. C. Koeppen
No full text<i>Martiodendron elatum</i> (Ducke) Gleason var. <i>occidentale</i> (Ducke) R.C. Koeppen. Brittonia 14(2): 207 (1962). <p> ≡ <i>Martiusia elata</i> Ducke var. <i>occidentalis</i> Ducke. Arquivos do Instituto de Biologia Vegetal 2: 40 (1935). ≡ <i>Martiusia elata</i> Ducke forma <i>occidentale</i> Ducke. Arquivos do instituto de Biologia Vegetal 2: 40 (1935).</p> <p> Type:— Brazil: Amazonas: rio Purus, super ostium fluminis Acre, silva riparia rarius innnundabilis, arbor magna radicibus tabularibus magnis, flos aureis, 11-III-1933. <i>Ducke, A</i>., <i>s.n</i>. RB24187. Barcode 00146817 (Lectotype here designated: RB!; Isolectotypes: S!; K!; U!; US!; WIS!; Y).</p> <p> <i>=</i> <i>Martiodendron macrocarpon</i> Gleason. Phytologia 1:142 (1935). Type:— Brazil: Amazonas: near mouth of Rio Embira (tributary of Rio Tarauaca), 7°30’S 70°15’W. Tree, 110 feet high, with yellow flowers, very hard wood, on varzea land. 26-VI-1933, <i>Krukoff, B.A.</i> 5015 NY00004509 (Lectotype here designated: NY!; Isolectotypes: A!; BRI!; CAS!; DS; F!; G; LE!; M!; MAD; MICH!; MO!; RB!; S!; U!; UC; US!) ≡ <i>Martiusia elata</i> Ducke forma <i>angustifolia</i> Ducke. Leguminosas da Amazônia Brasileira. 87 (1939).</p> <p> <b>Diagnosis:</b> — <i>Martiodendron elatum</i> var. <i>occidentale</i> differs from <i>Martiodendron elatum</i> var. <i>elatum</i> for having (9–)11(–13) leaflets generally smaller and narrower, the terminal ones (6–)7–11(–13) × (1.4–)2–3.2(–4.8) cm, (2.5–)3–4.6 times longer than wide; a stable number of stamens, usually 5, rarely 4, almost always 0–1 staminode; fruits narrower, 4.6–6(–7) cm wide, (2.4–)2.7–3.8 times longer than wide, with both relatively straight (Figures 3 and 5).</p> <p> <b>Distribution and Habitat:</b> —The variety is found in the far north of Bolivia and the southern Brazilian Amazon, in the states of Acre, Rondônia, Mato Grosso, and southern and western Amazonas (Figure 15), as well as possibly in the far east of Peru close to the border with Brazil, inhabiting the basins of the Purus, Acre, Madeira, and Juruá Rivers, generally in upland forests, more rarely in floodplains and igapós.</p> <p> <b>Etymology:</b> —The variety name comes from the Latin <i>occidentalis</i>, referring to the western distribution (Bolivia, Acre, Rondônia, Mato Grosso, and southern Amazonas) compared to the easternmost distribution of the type variety known at the time (southwest of Pará and southeast of Amazonas).</p> <p> <b>Nomenclatural Comments:</b> —In the protologue of the variety, Ducke, (1935) cited an holotype: <i>Ducke, A</i>., <i>s.n</i>. H.J.B.R. 24187 and Koeppen & Iltis (1962) cited RB 24187. However, like in <i>M. elatum</i>, this herbarium number is not a unique identifier of a single specimen, but an identifier of the gathering. Thus, we deemed it necessary to make a lectotypification to establish the duplicate in RB as the lectotype. <i>M. macrocarpon</i> has one single material cited by Gleason (1935), but the author did not indicate in which herbarium the material was deposited. Koeppen & Iltis (1962) also didn’t specially cite any herbarium, so a lectotypification was also necessary.</p> <p> <b>Taxonomic Comments:</b> —The continuous distribution and the small level of overlap for the diagnostic characters between this taxon and the typical form of the species led us to consider it as a variety, corroborating the ideas of Koeppen & Iltis (1962). Practically none of the characters proposed by Ducke (1922) in the description of <i>M. elatum</i> is stable and/or distinctive for this taxon, such as pyramidal inflorescences, smaller flowers, and sericeous fruits. The only characteristic of Ducke maintained here is that of larger fruits, so the definition of <i>M. elatum</i> closest to the one proposed here is that of Koeppen & Iltis (1962). In the description of <i>M. macrocarpon</i> (Gleason, 1935), which is maintained here as a synonym for <i>M. elatum</i> var. <i>occidentale</i>, as proposed by Koeppen & Iltis (1962), Gleason points out some differences that were also not corroborated in the present work, such as the impression of the veins on the abaxial face of the leaflets, more pubescent carpels or shape of the veins in fruits. We found that none of these characters can differentiate this taxon.</p> <p> The difference in axillary bud size between the two varieties of <i>M. elatum</i> described by Koeppen & Iltis (1962) seem to be highly variable and, therefore, not enough to distinguish any taxon, even if infraspecific. Koeppen & Iltis points out that the presence of two carpels per flower is reasonably common for variety <i>occidentale</i>. On the other hand, Silva <i>et al</i>. (2005) indicates that the variety <i>occidentale</i> would always have bicarpellary gynoecium, which was not observed here. No flower with two carpels was observed in this work, despite the large number of specimens and flowers analyzed, including all specimens cited in the two previous works. The variation in leaflet number and size and fruit width and shape seems consistent with Koeppen’s division, with more leaflets and longer fruits in variety <i>occidentale</i> and fewer leaflets and wider and generally more curved fruits in variety <i>elatum</i>.</p> <p> <b>Selected List of Additional Specimens Examined: (20 of 43 analyzed specimens):</b> — BOLIVIA: <b>Pando:</b> Federico Román, 09°41’S 65°24’W. 24-VII-2002, <i>Urrelo F</i>.633 (F; LPB); BRAZIL: <b>Acre:</b> Acrelândia: basin of rio Madeira, rio Abun ã, Porto Dias, 9°59’18”S 66° 46’40”W. Tree, 25 m × 48 cm, 17-V-2009, <i>Daly, D. C.</i> 13736 (RB; NY); Bujari: riozinho do Andirá, ramal do Espinhara, 9°42’31”S 68° 8’ 16”W. Árvore, 7 m, 7-IX-2013, <i>Costa, D. S</i>. 297 (RB); Rio Branco: Br-364, ramal Bujari, km8. Árvore, 20 m, 23-VI-1989, <i>Saraiva, R. S.</i> 22 (INPA); Sena Madureira: riozinho do Andirá, 9°43’45”S 68°8’53”W. Árvore, 35 m, 15-VI-1995, <i>Oliveira, A. R.S</i>. 631 (NY); Xapuri: Reserva Extrativista Chico Mendes, 1°33’52”S 68° 18’11”W, terra firme. Árvore, 30 m × 60 cm, 3-VI-1999, <i>Ehringhaus, C.</i> 1026 (NY); <b>Amazonas</b>: Coari: Base de operaçıes geólogo Pedro de Moura, 4°57’57”S 65°5’56”W. Árvore, 20 m × DAP 35 cm, 14-VI-2009, <i>Melo, M. G. G.</i> 55 (INPA); Envira: near mouth of rio Embira, tributary of rio Tarauaca, 7°30’S 70°15’W. Tree, 110 feet high, 21-VI-1923, <i>Krukoff, B. A.</i> 4950 (F; K; NY; US); Humaitá: rio Madeira, 29-VI-1936, <i>Ducke, A. s.n</i>. RB35074 (RB); Tefé: rio Urucu, base da Petrobras, 4°0’S 65°0’W. Árvore, 30-III-2004, <i>Amaral, I. L.</i> 2814 (INPA); <b>Mato Grosso</b>: Aripuan ã, gleba Aripuan ã a 25 km da cidade em direç ã o sudoeste, 10°16’35”S 59° 36’ 30”W. Árvore, 6 m, 5-VII-1997, <i>Árbocz, G. F.</i> 4175 (ESA; RB); <b>Rondônia:</b> Itapu ã do Oeste, Flona do Jamari, Concess ã o AMATA. Árvore, 25 m, 23-III-2010, <i>Amoêdo, S. L</i>. 16 (INPA; RB; RON); Jaci Paraná: margem esquerda do rio Madeira, 9°33’31”S 64°53’27”W, 24-III-2010, <i>Pereira-Silva, G.</i> 15173 (CEN; INPA; RB); Ji Paraná: Gleba G, km20. Árvore, 30 m, 9-IV-1983, <i>Paulino Filho, H. F</i>. 98 (INPA); Machadinho do Oeste: Tabajara, rio Machado, 8°57’80”S 61° 56’14”W. Árvore, 15 m, 1-VI-2015, <i>Bigio, N. C</i>. 1684 (RB); Porto Velho: margem esquerda do rio Madeira, 9°23’20”S 64°50’49”W. Árvore, 23-VI-2010, <i>Pereira Silva, G</i>. 15470 (CEN; INPA; RB); Guajará Mirim. 28-IX-1996, <i>Araujo, J.</i> 2609-076-1996 (RON); Abun ã, próximo a antiga estrada de ferro Abun ã -Mutumparaná a 2 km de Abun ã, 9°40’S 65° 20’W. Árvore, 28 m × 65 cm, 19-IV-1987, <i>Cid Ferreira, C. A.</i> 8872 (INPA; NY); Presidente Médici: estrada para Alvorada, km 35. Árvore, 25 m × 60 cm, 23-IV-1983, <i>Paulino-Filho, H. F</i>. 158 (INPA); rio Jarú, Colocaç ã o Primavera, seringal 71. Árvore, 45-50 m, 1.71 m, 14-VI-1972, <i>Oliveira, E.</i> 5992 (IAN).</p> <p> <b>List With Summary Data of Additional Specimens Examined: (23 of 43 analyzed specimens):</b> — BRAZIL: <b>Acre</b>: <i>Pardo, M</i>. 85 (NY); <i>Lima, L.</i> 632 (NY); <i>Daly, D.C.</i> 8131 (INPA; NY); 9438 (NY); <i>Santos, J.U</i>. 164 (MG); <i>Figueiredo, C.</i> 762 (NY); <i>Krukoff, B</i>. 5401 (F; NY; RB); <b>Amazonas</b>: <i>Clóvis s.n</i>. INPA217423 (INPA); <i>Souza, L.A.G.</i> 30_10 (INPA); <i>Krukoff, B.A</i>. 6619 (RB); <b>Rondônia</b>: <i>Silva, M.G.</i> 6127 (INPA; MG); <i>Paulino Filho, H.F</i>. 51 (INPA); <i>Bigio, N.C.</i> 1815 (RB); <i>Silva, M.G.</i> 6080 (MG); <i>Pereira Silva, G</i>. 16329 (CEN; IAN; INPA; NY; RB); <i>Ulisses</i> 12980 (INPA); <i>Santos, A.A</i>. 3613 (CEN; IAN; INPA; NY); <i>Araújo, J.</i> 0809-082-1997 (RON); <i>Maciel, U.N</i>. 1600 (K; MG); <i>Vinha, E.</i>; 3101-156-1997 (RON); <i>Silva, M.G.</i> 6201 (INPA; MG; UEC); <i>Antônio, M.</i> 2407-136-2997 (RON); <i>Araújo, J.</i> 2807-135-1997 (RON)</p>Published as part of <i>Falcão, Marcus José De Azevedo, Torke, Benjamin M., Garcia, Gabriel Santos, Silva, Guilherme Sousa Da & Mansano, Vidal De Freitas, 2023, A Taxonomic Revision of the Neotropical Genus Martiodendron (Fabaceae: Dialioideae), pp. 11-56 in Phytotaxa 578 (1)</i> on pages 32-33, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.578.1.2, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/7517688">http://zenodo.org/record/7517688</a>
Military Regimes, Political Power and Human Rights Violations in Postcolonial Algeria
No full textFollowing Algeria’s bloody war of independence, a new, revolutionary military establishment gradually formed out of several largely independent revolutionary units, stationed mostly on Algeria’s borders. It soon expanded with the addition of revolutionary fighters from within Algeria, and from French-trained forces, many of whom had fought against the revolutionary forces during the Revolution, and had deserted late in the war from the French military to join the new Algerian military. A particularly powerful group of officers emerged from the latter group, the “French Officers,” who apparently engaged in a long-term and ultimately successful bid for national political power.
This thesis, which is concerned with the politics behind the massive human rights violations in Algeria, particularly the periods immediately after Independence, and between 1991 and 2002, the “Algerian Civil War,” seeks to explore a central question: why did the Algerian military turn against its own people? While not denying the role of other groups (e.g., religious groups, ethnic groups) in the violence, the central focus of this thesis is on the distinctive and effective structure and role of the military, which was apparently the dominant political power in Algeria after Independence, and particularly on the role of the French Officers, who appear to have manipulated the presidency through coups d’état and assassinations, in their struggle to achieve political hegemony in Algeria by the 1990s. Central to this was the role played after Independence by Houari Boumédiène in establishing political and military organisations that were particularly susceptible to the growing influence of the French Officers.
Central topical foci of the thesis include examinations of the possible effects (on the central question, listed above) of: professionalization of the military; civil-military relations; historical influences; ethnic and religious influences; political parties and party formation; corruption and economic opportunism; international relations and continuing French influence; and the unique role of the French Officers in the national politics of Algeria.
Methodologies used in this study included the analysis of elite (non-random) interviews, based upon a questionnaire approved by the Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences Research Ethics Committee, which the author conducted in Europe and via “Skype” with nearly two dozen prominent Algerian expatriates, for the most part in exile, including former civilian leaders and military officers. Historical analysis was also a central part of the methodology, as well as discourse analysis applied to significant memoirs and newspaper accounts.
The thesis concludes that the immediate self-interests of the French Officers had a determinate effect on politics in Algeria, and particularly on the way in which the military turned against its own people after 1991. The continuing support that the French Officers apparently received from France, while not unexpected, is surprising in its extent and continuity, particularly after acts of terrorism thought to be linked to the Algerian government occurred in France. An unexpected finding of this research is the significance of corruption and economic opportunism in the Algerian military regime’s long-term strategy
