126,240 research outputs found
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
No full textThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Dataset for A Compact Two-Loudspeaker Virtual Sound Reproduction System for Clinical Testing of Spatial Hearing With Hearing-Assistive Devices
No full textDataset for A Compact Two-Loudspeaker Virtual Sound Reproduction System for Clinical Testing of Spatial Hearing With Hearing-Assistive Devices
Dataset DOI: https://doi.org/10.5258/SOTON/D2081
Authors: Eric Hamdan & Mark Fletcher, Auditory Implant Service, University of Southampton
This dataset supports the publication:
AUTHORS: Eric Hamdan and Mark Fletcher
TITLE: A Compact Two-Loudspeaker Virtual Sound Reproduction System for Clinical Testing of Spatial Hearing With Hearing-Assistive Devices
JOURNAL: Frontiers in Neuroscience
This dataset contains CSV files for each figure in the manuscript that has graphed data, i.e., Figures 4 - 15. The CSV files contain the x,y data for each graph (some graphs have multiple dependent variables, e.g., y1, y2, etc.). There is a folder for each figure which contains the corresponding CVS file, e.g.,
Figure5/Figure_5.csv
For figures with subfigures, i.e., (A), (B), etc., there is a CSV file for each subfigure, e.g.,
Figure7/Figure_7A.csv
Figure7/Figure_7B.csv
Figures 14A,B and 15A,B feature 2D graphs, i.e., color maps. The two independent variables are head rotation angle (degrees) and frequency (Hz). For these subfigures, there is a CSV file for each head rotation angle, e.g.,
Figure15/Figure_15A_Angle-10.csv -> corresponds to a head rotation angle of -10 degrees
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Figure15/Figure_15A_Angle00.csv -> corresponds to a head rotation angle of 0 degrees
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Figure15/Figure_15A_Angle10.csv -> corresponds to a head rotation angle of 10 degrees
Additionally, the folders LAC_AE/ and Booth_AE/ contain the CSV files for the smoothed absolute error (AE) associated with Figures 14 and 15 (corresponding to the large anechoic chamber (LAC) and the audiological booth). There is a CSV file for the AE calculated for each head rotation angle (as done with Figures 14A,B and 15A,B), and with and without filter compensation for the head rotation. CSV files for data with head rotation compensation are denoted with "LACC" or "BC". CSV files for data with no head rotation compensation are denoted with "LACNC" and "BNC", e.g.
LAC_AE/LACC_AEhat_Angle00.csv -> corresponds to a head rotation angle of 0 degrees, in the LAC, with head rotation compensation
LAC_AE/LACNC_AEhat_Angle00.csv -> corresponds to a head rotation angle of 0 degrees, in the LAC, no head rotation compensation
Booth_AE/BC_AEhat_Angle00.csv -> corresponds to a head rotation angle of 0 degrees, in the booth, with head rotation compensation
Booth_AE/BNC_AEhat_Angle00.csv -> corresponds to a head rotation angle of 0 degrees, in the booth, no head rotation compensation
Finally, there are stereo HAD recordings of a target speech recording played from each of the six loudspeakers used in the experiment (L3, L2, L1, R1, R2, R3) and recordings of the VA system (L1 and R1) attempting to reproduce the target signal, as detailed in section Results->Stationary Measurements of the manuscript. Recordings were made in the LAC and audiological booth. The LAC and booth recordings are in the folders HAD_Recordings/LAC and HAD_Recordings/Booth, respectively. The target recordings are denoted with the letter 'd' and the reproduced recordings are denoted with the letter 'p', e.g.,
HAD_Recordings/LAC/LAC_d_L1.wav -> recording of the target speech played from loudspeaker L1 in the LAC
HAD_Recordings/LAC/LAC_p_L1.wav -> recording of the VA system reproduced speech played from loudspeaker L1 in the LAC
HAD_Recordings/Booth/Booth_d_L1.wav -> recording of the target speech played from loudspeaker L1 in the audiological booth
HAD_Recordings/Booth/Booth_p_L1.wav -> recording of the VA system reproduced speech played from loudspeaker L1 in the audiological booth
Date of data collection: 09/09/2020 - 29/01/2021
All data was collected at the University of Southampton, U.K.</span
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
No full textWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
Hamdan as an Assertion of Judicial Power
No full textIn Hamdan v Rumsfeld, the Supreme Court rebuffed the Bush administration’s initial attempt to use Military Commissions created by Executive Order to try detainees held at Guantanamo Bay. The Court ruled that the President, acting alone, lacked the authority to employ the Commissions because their structure and procedure violated both the Uniform Code of Military Justice and the Geneva Conventions. Most academic commentators have viewed the Hamdan decision as primarily about the limits of executive power. On this view, the central constitutional problem in Hamdan was that the Executive had acted unilaterally in an area where the Constitution required the involvement – or at least the acquiescence – of both political branches. This Essay argues that, while Congressional control of executive power is an important theme in Hamdan, the decision also constitutes a strong assertion of judicial power. In particular, the Court’s analysis suggests that the judicial branch has a vital and independent role to play in striking the appropriate balance between national security and individual liberties
Psychological Indications in ̓Abū Ḥayyān al-Tawḥīdī ’s books: selected models: Model A: ̓al-Ṣadāqah wa al-Ṣadīq; Model B: al- ̓Imtāʻ wa al-Mūʾānasah
No full textThis research is about the incredible phenomena of al-Tawḥīdī the forgotten philosopher and literati, highlighting his most important work featuring ʼal-Ṣadāqah wa al-Ṣadīq and al- ̓Imtāʻ wa al-Mūʾānasah as the main two models. In this research the author attempts to reveal psychological concepts and to find a link between al-Tawḥīdī ’s thoughts and the psychological meanings in particular the link between Aristotle, al-Tawḥīdī and modern psychology on friendship, and personality.
In this research the author attempts to prove if al-Tawḥīdī's writing contained psychological dimensions and signs that could be considered psychological opinions. In addition, this research discusses if al-Tawḥīdī was able to leave psychological cues throughout his text, and weather these cues contribute to the understanding of human thoughts, behavior, and relations. finally, this research attempt to explain what is friendship to modern psychology? to Aristotle, and to al-Tawḥīdī
Chironius diamantina Fernandes & Hamdan, 2014, sp. nov.
No full text<i>Chironius diamantina</i>, sp. nov. <p>Figs. 1–6</p> <p> <i>Chironius flavolineatus</i> (Jan, 1863) — Freitas & Silva (2007: 182, fig. MAF, Lençóis, BA) <i>Chironius flavolineatus</i> (Jan, 1863) — Hamdan & Lira-da-Silva (2012: 43, fig. 2k) <b>Holotype.</b> Adult female, MZUFBA 1657, collected in November 2005, no collector data, from the municipality of Morro do Chapéu (11o 33’ 9’’S, 41o 9’ 27’’W, about 1000 m above sea level; asl hereafter), oriental zone of Chapada Diamantina, state of Bahia, Brazil.</p> <p> <b>Paratypes.</b> All specimens from the state of Bahia, Brazil. Adult female, MZUFBA 2394, tail damaged, collected on March 13, 2013 by B. Hamdan, in the municipality of Palmeiras, village of Vale do Capão (12º 30’ 50’’S, 41º 34’ 39’’W, 1310 m asl), in an area of Campos Rupestres along the bank of the river of Cachoeira da Fumaça waterfall; adult male, AAGARDA 7191, collected on January 2013 by W. Pessoa, in the municipality of Palmeiras, village of Vale do Capão, in a tropical grassland environment near Cachoeira Águas Claras waterfall; adult male, UEFS 1519, no collector data, from the municipality of Palmeiras (12º 36’ 34’’S, 41º 30’ 24’’W, 1000 m asl); adult male, MZUSP 7804, tail damaged, and adult female, MZUSP 7805, both collected in 1980 by M. T. Rodrigues, in the municipality of Morro do Chapéu. All other specimens collected in the municipality of Rio de Contas (13o 26’ 30’’S, 41o 50’ 28’’W, about 1000 m asl), collection data from A.J.S. Argôlo. Adult male, MZUESC 2633, collected between 22 November 2001 and 26 June 2002, at Bittencourt farm; adult female, MZUESC 2102, tail damaged, collected between 26 May 2001 and 21 November 2001, at Brejo farm; adult male MZUESC 2642, tail damaged, adult female MZUESC 2643, adult female MZUESC 2644, tail damaged, and adult female MZUESC 2645, all four specimens collected between 22 November 2001 and 26 June 2002 at Brejo farm.</p> <p> <b>Diagnosis.</b> <i>Chironius diamantina</i> can be distinguished from all congeners by the following combination of states of characters in preserved specimens: first third of body black or dark gray; vertebral stripe yellowish or creamish white, distinct from dorsals of nape and extending throughout almost the whole body length; head dorsum tan to brown, distinct from background color of first third of body; posterior temporal scales two to four; cloacal shield entire; six to ten rows of keeled dorsal scales at midbody; ventral scales with dark edges forming conspicuous transverse bars virtually throughout whole belly length; ventral surface of tail with conspicuous longitudinal dark stripes (in “zigzag”) in midventral portion of subcaudals; region of medial constriction of hemipenis slightly covered with spinules separating calyces of apex from spines below region of constriction; in lateral view, sulcus spermaticus positioned on convex face of hemipenis.</p> <p> <b>Comparisons.</b> <i>Chironius diamantina</i> is distinguished from all currently recognized congeners, except <i>C. flavolineatus</i>, by having the combination of first third of body black or dark gray, vertebral stripe yellowish or creamish white extending from nape throughout almost the whole body length, and head dorsum tan to brown distinct from background color of first third of body. Additionally, <i>C. diamantina</i> differs from <i>C. flavolineatus</i> (character states in parentheses) by having posterior temporals two to four (<i>vs</i>. single posterior temporal); cloacal shield entire (<i>vs</i>. divided); six to ten (<i>vs</i>. maximum of four rows of keeled dorsal scales at midbody); ventral scales with dark edges forming conspicuous transverse bars virtually throughout whole belly length; conspicuous dark longitudinal stripes (in “zigzag”) in the midventral portion of subcaudals (<i>vs.</i> ventrals and subcaudals uniformly creamish white); region of medial constriction of hemipenis slightly covered with spinules separating calyces of apex from spines below region of constriction (<i>vs</i>. region of medial constriction indistinct); in lateral view, sulcus spermaticus positioned on convex face of hemipenis (<i>vs</i>. sulcus spermaticus positioned on concave face of hemipenis in lateral view). Refers to Table 1 for additional qualitative characters to distinguish <i>C. diamantina</i> and <i>C. flavolineatus</i>.</p> <p> <b>Description of the holotype (Fig. 1).</b> Adult female; head distinct from neck; body slightly thinner in anterior portion; total length 1018 mm; SVL 645 mm; TL 373 mm; head length 231 mm; head width 126 mm; snout length 86 mm; snout width 78 mm; body width at midbody 110 mm; body height at midbody 128 mm. Length/width of rostral (4.5/ 2.1 mm); prenasals (1.7/ 1.8 mm); postnasals (1.6/ 1.7 mm); internasals (2.7/ 2.4 mm); loreals (2.2/ 1.3 mm); prefrontals (3.0/3.0 mm); prefrontal suture 2.5 mm; preoculars (1.7/3.0 mm); supraoculars (5.5/ 2.8 mm); frontal (6.5/ 4.9 mm); frontal-supraocular suture 4.1 mm; parietals (8.3/ 4.2 mm); parietal suture 6 mm; anterior temporals (4.4/ 2.5 mm); posterior upper temporal (3.2/ 1.5 mm); posterior lower temporal (4.5/ 2.2 mm); first pair of chin shields (6/ 2.1 mm); second pair of chin shields (8.3/ 2.1 mm); horizontal eyes diameter (4.1/ 4.5 mm); vertical eyes diameter (3.5/ 3.4 mm). Loreal longer than high, separated from orbit by preocular; loreal contacting postnasal anteriorly, preocular posteriorly, prefrontal dorsally, and second and third supralabials ventrally; preocular single, separated from frontal by suture between supraocular and prefrontal; pupil rounded; postoculars two; anterior temporal 1/1; posterior temporals 2/2; five occipital scales contacting parietals; supralabials 9/9, fourth, fifth, and sixth contacting orbit; infralabials 10/10, first to fifth contacting first pair of chin shields; fifth and sixth contacting second pair of chin shields; gulars three. Maxillary teeth 33. Dorsal scales rows formula 12/12/10; low density of apical pits on scales of neck; two rows of keeled dorsal scales at anterior portion of body; ten rows of keeled dorsal scales at midbody; six rows of keeled dorsal scales at posterior portion of body; keels very strong, mostly at midbody. Ventrals 161; subcaudals 137; cloacal shield entire (4.1/ 8.4 mm).</p> <p> <b>Color of the holotype in preservative (alcohol 70%) (Fig. 1).</b> Head dorsum uniformly brown; orbit slightly encircled by black; supralabials, infralabials, and ventral surface of head creamish white; dark postocular stripe reaching postoculars, temporals, and last supralabials (Fig. 1 E–F). First third of body dark gray gradually fading anteroposteriorly; first portion of vertebral stripe creamish white, gradually darkening anteroposteriorly, well distinct until posterior third of body; anterior portion of vertebral stripe 1.5 scale wide (Fig. 1 C). Row of paraventral scales in first third of body stained by black or dark brown (Fig. 1 E–F). Venter ground color creamish yellow to grayish, conspicuously marked by transversal dark bars corresponding to posterior margins of ventrals; transversal dark bars incomplete on anterior portion of belly (Fig. 1 D). Cloacal shield creamish white with gray spots; anterior portion of ventral surface of tail grayish, gradually getting lighter towards terminal caudal spine; conspicuous dark longitudinal stripes (in “zigzag”) along midventral portion of subcaudals (Fig. 1 B).</p> <p> <b>Color pattern variation (Figs. 1–2).</b> In alcohol 70%, color pattern of head dorsum possibly reaching lateral regions of head. Dorsal ground color of body dark gray, usually homogeneous; dorsum color pattern may attain lateral edges of ventrals, more conspicuous on tail region. Vertebral stripe 1–2 dorsal scales wide. Row of paraventral scales in first third of body creamish white. Conspicuous lateral stripe on tail region (Fig. 2 F). Venter ground color generally gray, usually lighter on first third; ventral surface of tail creamish white (Fig. 2 B, H).</p> <p> <b>Color in life (Fig. 3).</b> Head dorsum and snout brownish distinct from anterior portion of body; supralabials creamish white or yellowish; postocular stripe black or grayish; postocular stripe reaching postoculars, temporals, and occasionally last supralabials; infralabials and ventral surface of head creamish white. Dorsolateral ground color of body black, brown or grayish; first third of body darker than rest of dorsum; paraventral region brownish, lighter than rest of dorsum; dorsal scales generally black edged. Vertebral stripe golden extending from dorsal scales of nape to last third of dorsum of body where it gradually merges into body coloration. Venter ground color creamish white or light gray, conspicuously marked by transversal black or dark gray bars, especially after first third of belly; transversal bars correspond to posterior margins of ventrals (Fig. 3 F). Ventral surface of tail light gray with conspicuous black longitudinal stripes (in “zigzag”) along midventral portion of subcaudals. A single juvenile, not collected, showed dorsolateral ground color of body light brown with conspicuous light gray cross bands along the dorsum, which are not observed in adult specimens, and vertebral stripe extending from dorsal scales of nape to approximately midbody (Fig. 3 H).</p> <p> <b>Morphometric and meristic variation.</b> Largest male (MZUESC 2633) 720 mm SVL, 391 mm TL, largest female (MZUFBA 2394) 895 mm SVL, tail damaged. Total length in males 885–1111 mm (n=3), females 701–1018 mm (n=4); snout length in males 6.4–8.7 mm (n=4), females 6.1–11.8 mm (n=6); snout width 6.3–7 mm in males (n=4), females 4.3–10 mm (n=6); head length in males 22.2–26.3 mm (n=4), females 19.3–33.2 mm (n=7); head width in males 9.3–11.2 mm (n=4), 7.6–13.6 mm (n=7) in females; body width in midbody in males 8.8–12.7 mm (n=4), females 6.4–13.8 mm (n=7); body height in midbody in males 7.2–12.2 mm (n=4), 6.1–12.8 mm (n=7) in females. Variation of meristic and other morphometric data for <i>C. diamantina</i> are summarized in Table 1. Rows of keeled dorsal scales along body show variation (see Table 1) but keels are generally more conspicuous in males than in females.</p> <p> diagnostic characters (in bold) for both <i>C. diamantina</i> and <i>C. flavolineatus</i>. SO=supralabials contacting orbit; TEp=posterior</p> <p>temporals; KDA, KDM, and KDP=rows of keeled dorsal scales at anterior, midbody, and posterior portion of body,</p> <p>respectively; TB=ventrals with posterior dark edges forming transverse bars; LS=dark longitudinal stripes in midventral</p> <p>portion of subcaudals; CH = region of medial constriction of hemipenis; SS=position of sulcus spermaticus in lateral view of</p> <p>hemipenis; mean ± standard deviation; r=range; n=sample size.</p> <p> <b>Hemipenis (n=3, Fig. 4).</b> Organ unilobed, cylindrical, and unicalyculate. Hemipenis with large spinulate and well developed calyces on most apical portion. Medial portion of hemipenis with pronounced constriction region scattered with spinules, separating apical calyces from spines on hemipenial body. Medium to large curved spines covering lateral and assulcate sides and spinules covering sulcate side of organ. Sulcus spermaticus simple, centrolineal, and bordered by spinules along its extension. Sulcus spermaticus positioned more laterally at basal portion of hemipenis, gathering more centralized position from the end of proximal third of hemipenis. In lateral view, sulcus spermaticus situated on convex face of the organ. Basal portion of hemipenis with few spinules irregularly distributed.</p> <p> <b>Etymology.</b> The specific name, a noun in apposition, refers to the Chapada Diamantina, central region of the state of Bahia from where the new species was described.</p> <p> <b>Geographic distribution and natural history.</b> The new species is known from municipalities of Morro do Chapéu, Rio de Contas, and Palmeiras in the Chapada Diamantina, state of Bahia, Brazil (Fig. 5). All available specimens were collected in areas up to 1000 m asl.</p> <p>An individual was observed foraging around 3:00 PM on the banks of a rocky river in an area of Campos Rupestres near Cachoeira da Fumaça waterfall (1148 m asl), village of Vale do Capão, Municipality of Palmeiras, Bahia (Fig. 6). A few minutes later plunged into the river and remained there for about two minutes. When disturbed the specimen tried to escape, but when facing the observer opened its mouth, adopted the “S” posture, and attempted to bite. The specimen also showed the behavior of turning sideways along its axis when head was restrained.</p>Published as part of <i>Fernandes, Daniel Silva & Hamdan, Breno, 2014, A new species of Chironius Fitzinger, 1826 from the state of Bahia, Northeastern Brazil (Serpentes: Colubridae), pp. 563-575 in Zootaxa 3881 (6)</i> on pages 564-570, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3881.6.5, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/226528">http://zenodo.org/record/226528</a>
LAGU HAMDAN KARYA KOKO KOSWARA DAN R. ADING AFFANDIE
No full textSkripsi dengan judul “Lagu Hamdan Karya Koko Koswara dan R. Ading Affandie” merupakan salah satu karya ilmiah yang ditulis berdasarkan latar belakang yang telah dipaparkan,maka peneliti ingin lebih meneliti lagu Hamdan tersebut. Untuk mempermudah penelitian, maka peneliti menyusun kajian permasalahan dan pertanyaan. Bagaimana melodi lagu Hamdan karya Koko Koswara, bagaimana lirik lagu Hamdan karya R. Ading Affandi, dan Bagaimana hubungan melodi dan lirik lagu Hamdan karya Koko Koswara dan R. Ading Affandie. Dalam penelitian ini,peneliti menggunakan metode deskriptif analisis. Peneliti mendapatkan hasil yang menunjukan bahwa isi di dalam lagu Hamdan ini dapat dibagi menjadi 3 bagian di sebut A, B, C. Banyak terjadi beberapa legato atau tekhnik melismatis yaitu beberapa nada dalam satu suku kata. Tekhnik ini dipadukan dengan pengembangan motif yang ada pada lagu tersebut. lagu ini memakai laras madenda titugu yang pada bagian ke3 berubah surupan menjadi 4= G (Galimber). Koko Koswara menciptakan pola melodi dilihat dari berbagai aspek. Dengan contoh, Koko Koswara menciptakan lagu melihat dengan suku katanya, artinya, dan juga dengan makna nya. Koko Koswara mencoba membuat melodi mengikuti lirik yang dibuat oleh R. Ading Affandie dengan pola melodi yang mencermikan maksud dalam lirik yang diiringi melodi tersebut. Dengan itu kita tahu, Koko Koswara menciptakan suatu pola melodi dengan memperhatikan hukum-hukum dimana bahasa Arab dan bahasa Sunda berbeda pengucapannya, namun bisa bersatu dengan kesatuan yang baik guna bisa tersampainya makna dalam lagu tersebut. Koko Koswara, beliau telah membuktikan bahwa lagu termasuk kedalam seni kreasi baru.----------Thesis with the title "Songs Hamdan Koko Koswara and R. Ading Affandie" is one of the scientific paper was written based on the background that has been presented, the researchers wanted to more closely examine the Hamdan song. To facilitate the study, the researchers compiled the study of the problems and questions. How melody Hamdan Koko Koswara works, how the lyrics of the song by R. Ading Hamdan Affandi, and how the melody and lyrics relations Hamdan Koko works Koswara and R. Ading Affandie. In this study, researchers used a descriptive method of analysis. Researchers get results showed that the content in Hamdan songs can be divided into three sections called A, B, C. A lot happened some legato or melismatis techniques that some tones in one syllable. This technique combined with the existing development pattern in the song. This song madenda titugu barrel wear that on the 3rd turn Surupan into 4 = G (Galimber). Koko Koswara creating melodic patterns viewed from various aspects. By example, Koko Koswara create songs see the syllable, means, and also with its meaning. Koko Koswara tried to make melody to follow the lyrics created by R. Ading Affandie with melodic patterns that reflect the intent in the lyrics to the accompaniment of the melody. With that we know, Koko Koswara creating a melodic patterns with the laws of which the Arabic language and the Sundanese different pronunciation, but can be united with good unity to be tersampainya meaning in the song. Koko Koswara, he has proven that the songs included in the new creations of art
Chironius brazili Hamdan & Fernandes, 2015, sp. nov.
No full text<i>Chironius brazili</i>, sp. nov. <p> <i>Chironius flavolineatus</i> — Bailey 1955:13 [<i>partim</i>]; Peters & Orejas-Miranda 1970:60 [<i>partim</i>]; Dixon <i>et al.</i> 1993:112 [<i>partim</i>].</p> <p> <b>Holotype.</b> Adult male, MNRJ 17480, collected by A.C.A. Lopes in October 2008 at RPPN Santuário do Caraça (20º05’, 43º29’W, 1262m asl), municipality of Catas Altas, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil.</p> <p> <b>Paratypes.</b> Eight specimens all from Brazil: adult female, IVB 3290, collected by T. Filadelfo in February 2013 at Poço Azul waterfall (15º36’03’’S, 48º03’16’’W, 1220m asl), Parque Nacional de Brasília, municipality of Brasília D.C.; adult female, CHUNB 19699, collected at municipality of Alto Paraíso de Goiás (14º12’S, 47º41’W, 1250m asl), state of Goiás; juvenile male, MNRJ 18936, collected by A.C.A. Lopes in April 21 2009 same data as the holotype; adult female, IVB 3342, collected by G.A. Cotta on January 1997 at district of Vila Del Rey (20º00’S, 43º56’W, 1050m asl), municipality of Nova Lima, state of Minas Gerais; adult female, MZUFBA 2448, collected by O.M. Sampaio in November 1986, municipality of Rio Acima (20º05’S, 43º47’W, 740m asl), state of Minas Gerais; adult female, MCNR 2790, collected at municipality of Conceição do Mato Dentro (19º02’S, 43º25’W, 685m asl), state of Minas Gerais; adult male, MCNR 3384, collected at municipality of Igarapé (20º04’S, 44º17’W, 810m asl), state of Minas Gerais; adult male, MCNR 4386, collected at municipality of Ouro Preto (20º19’S, 43º33’W, 1050m asl), state of Minas Gerais.</p> <p> <b>Diagnosis.</b> <i>Chironius brazili</i> can be distinguished from all congeners by the following unique combination of states of characters: first third of body black or dark gray; vertebral stripe yellowish or creamish white, distinct from dorsals of nape and extending throughout almost whole body length; head dorsum tan to brown, distinct from background color of first third of body; cloacal shield frequently divided (96%); two to four rows of keeled dorsal scales at midbody; ventral ground color gradually darkening towards cloaca; region of medial constriction of hemipenis slightly covered with spinules separating calyces of apex from spines below region of constriction; in lateral view, sulcus spermaticus positioned on convex face of hemipenis; ascending process of premaxilla oblique anteroposteriorly to longitudinal axis of skull; optic fenestra not exceeding frontoparietal suture; posterior border of supratemporal exceeding braincase; dorsoventral axis of quadrate oblique mesolaterally, moving away from longitudinal axis of skull.</p> <p> <b>Comparisons.</b> <i>Chironius brazili</i> is distinguished from all currently recognized congeners, except <i>C. flavolineatus</i> and <i>C. diamantina</i>, by having first third of body black or dark gray, vertebral stripe yellowish or creamish white, distinct from dorsals of nape and extending throughout almost whole body length, and head dorsum tan to brown distinct from background color of first third of body. <i>Chironius brazili</i> differs from <i>C</i>. <i>flavolineatus</i> (character states in parentheses) by having ventral ground color gradually darkening towards cloaca (<i>vs</i>. venter uniformly creamish white); region of medial constriction of hemipenis slightly covered with spinules separating calyces of apex from spines below region of constriction on asulcate side (<i>vs</i>. region of medial constriction with no spinules separating calyces of apex from spines below region of constriction on the asulcate side); in lateral view, sulcus spermaticus positioned on the convex face of hemipenis (<i>vs</i>. sulcus spermaticus positioned on the concave face of hemipenis in lateral view); ascending process of premaxilla oblique anteroposteriorly to longitudinal axis of skull (<i>vs</i>. perpendicular to longitudinal axis of skull); optic fenestra not exceeding frontoparietal suture (<i>vs</i>. exceeding frontoparietal suture); posterior border of supratemporal exceeding braincase (<i>vs</i>. not exceeding braincase); and dorsoventral axis of quadrate oblique mesolaterally, moving away from longitudinal axis of skull (<i>vs</i>. straight, not moving away from longitudinal axis of skull). <i>Chironius brazili</i> differs from <i>C. diamantina</i> (character states in parentheses) by having two to four rows of keeled dorsal scales at midbody (<i>vs</i>. six to ten); cloacal shield frequently divided (<i>vs</i>. entire).</p> <p> <b>Description of the holotype (Fig. 7).</b> Adult male; left and right hemipenes everted; head distinct from body; total length 1381 mm; SVL 845 mm; CL 536 mm; head length 287 mm; head width at broadest point 126 mm; snout length 86 mm; snout width 78 mm; body width at midbody 89 mm; body height at midbody 169 mm. Length/ width of rostral (4.4/ 2.6 mm); prenasal (2.4/ 2.5 mm); postnasal (1.6/ 1.8 mm); internasal (3.5/ 2.9 mm); loreal (2.8/ 1.3 mm); prefrontal (3.8/ 3.9 mm); prefrontal suture 2.7 mm; preocular (2.5/ 3.4 mm); supraocular (7.2/ 3.8 mm); frontal (7.3/6.0 mm); frontal-supraocular suture 5.9 mm; parietal (9.6/ 5.9 mm); parietal suture 6.2 mm; anterior temporal (5.9/ 2.6 mm); posterior upper temporal (5.7/ 4.2 mm); posterior temporals fused; first pair of chin shields (7.4/ 2.9 mm); second pair of chin shields (9.7/ 3.3 mm); horizontal eyes diameter 5.3 mm; vertical eyes diameter 4.0 mm. Loreal longer than high, separated from orbit by preocular; loreal contacting postnasal anteriorly, preocular posteriorly, prefrontal dorsally, and second and third supralabials ventrally; preocular single, separated from frontal by suture between supraocular and prefrontal; pupil rounded; postoculars two; anterior temporal 1/1; posterior temporals 2/1; five occipital scales contacting parietals; supralabials 9/9, fourth, fifth, and sixth contacting eye; infralabials 10/10, first to fifth contacting first pair of chin shields; fifth and sixth contacting second pair of chin shields; gulars three. Maxillary teeth 34. Dorsal scales rows 12/12/10; low density of apical pits on the scales of neck; no rows of keeled dorsal scales on the anterior portion of body; two rows of keeled dorsal scales at midbody; two rows of keeled dorsal scales at posterior portion of body; keels very strong, mostly at midbody. Ventrals 156; subcaudals 141; cloacal shield (10.6/ 3.9 mm) divided.</p> <p> <b>Color of the holotype in preservative (alcohol 70%) (Fig. 7).</b> Dorsal surface of head brown with darker frontal and parietal scales; snout region, postoculars, and temporal region brown; orbit encircled by black; supralabials creamish white with brown spots; infralabials, and ventral surface of head creamish white; indistinct postocular blotch. First third of body blackish gradually fading to brown anteroposteriorly; anterior portion of vertebral stripe yellowish, gradually darkening anteroposteriorly, well distinct until posterior third of body where it gradually merges into body coloration; anterior portion of vertebral stripe two scales wide. First third of ventral ground color creamish white gradually darkening towards cloaca, where venter is dark gray; incomplete slight transversal dark bars corresponding to posterior margins of ventrals visible mostly in first third of venter. Cloacal shield and anterior portion of the ventral surface of tail dark gray gradually lightening towards terminal caudal spine; subcaudal scales occasionally with black or dark gray edges.</p> <p> <b>Color pattern variation in preservative (alcohol 70%) (Fig. 8).</b> Postocular region without blotches or stripes (80%), with a dark blotch (17%), or with dark postocular stripe reaching postoculars, temporals, and last supralabials (3%). Dorsal ground color of body brown; dorsal scales may show white edges. Vertebral stripe with two (90%), one and a half (5%), or one (5%) scale wide. Venter with longitudinal lines (<i>n</i> = 71; 95%); ground color generally gray to brown (Figs. 8 B–D), always lighter in first third of venter. Juveniles with dorsolateral ground color of body brown with lighter crossbands (<i>n</i> = 5) (Fig. 8 C), indicating possible existence of ontogenetic variation.</p> <p> <b>Color in life (Fig. 9).</b> General color of head, venter and body similar to the color of the preserved specimens. Dorsal color pattern occasionally reaches ventral region, more evident in tail region; dorsal scales occasionally encircled by black or white (Figs. 9 A, E–F); paraventral scales in first third of body with orange or light brown spots (Figs. 9 A–D). Ventral scales gradually covered with orange or grayish coloration anteroposteriorly. Some hatchlings and adults may show dark or gray variegated dorsal color pattern.</p> <p> <b>Morphometric and meristic variation.</b> Largest male (MZUSP 7566) 895 mm SVL, 560 mm CL, largest female (FUNED 1696) 862 mm SVL, 572 mm CL. Total length in males 410–1455 mm (<i>n</i> = 30), females 408– 1434 mm (<i>n</i> = 30); snout length in males 4.0– 9.3 mm (<i>n</i> = 35), females 3.5–10 mm (<i>n</i> = 33); snout width in males 3.3–8.4 mm (<i>n</i> = 35), 3.3–9.6 mm (<i>n</i> = 33) in females; head length in males 14.5–28.8 mm (<i>n</i> = 36), 13.5–31.9 mm (<i>n</i> = 34) in females; head width in males 6.3–13 mm (<i>n</i> = 35), 5.0– 19.3 mm (<i>n</i> = 34) in females; midbody width in males 3.8–15 mm (<i>n</i> = 34), 4.6–15.5 mm (<i>n</i> = 34) in females; midboby height in males 3–17.1 mm (<i>n</i> = 34), 5.1– 19.6 mm (<i>n</i> = 34) in females. Number of occipitals touching parietals 3–7 (<i>x¯</i> = 4.52; s = 0.82; <i>n</i> = 40); gulars 3–7. Dorsal scales rows 12/12/10 (<i>n</i> = 75; 97.5%) or 12/12/8 (<i>n</i> = 2; 2.5%). Variation of other meristic and morphometric data for <i>C. brazili</i> is summarized in Table 2.</p> <p> <b>Ornamentation of dorsal scales.</b> Apical pits in adults generally restricted to neck (<i>n</i> = 55; 92%), occasionally also being found at midbody and/or near cloacal region (<i>n</i> = 2; 3%), or apical pits rarely absent (<i>n</i> = 3; 5%). Generally, <i>C. brazili</i> shows conspicuous depressions similar to apical pits, in preocular, postoculars, loreal, temporals, and occasionally in supralabial scales. Rows of keeled dorsal scales along body show variation (see Table 2) but keels are generally more conspicuous in males than in females.</p> <p> <b> Hemipenis (<i>n</i> = 7, Fig. 3).</b> Organ unilobed, cylindrical, and unicalyculate. Hemipenis with large spinulate and well developed calyces on most of the apical portion. Medial portion of hemipenis with pronounced constriction region slightly covered with spinules (Fig. 3 D), separating calyces of apex from spines below region of constriction on the asulcate side. Medium to large curved spines covering lateral and asulcate sides and spinules covering sulcate side of hemipenis. Sulcus spermaticus simple and centrolineal, bordered by spinules along its extension, and positioned more laterally at basal portion of hemipenis. In lateral view, sulcus spermaticus positioned on the convex face of the organ. Basal portion of hemipenis with few spinules irregularly distributed.</p> <p> <b>TABLE 2.</b> Summary of meristic characters for <i>Chironius brazili</i>, <i>C. flavolineatus,</i> and <i>C. diamantina</i>. The abbreviation are as follow: SL= supralabials; SO=supralabials contacting orbit; =infralabials; IL /CS=infralabials in contact with chin shields; PO=postocular; TEa= anterior temporals; TEp=posterior temporals; MT=maxillary teeth; KDA, KDM, and KDP=rows of keeled dorsal scales at anterior, midbody, and posterior portion of body, respectively; mean ± standard deviation; r=range; n=sample size. *Data from Fernandes & Hamdan (2014).</p> <p> <b>Cephalic glands and skulls</b>. The cephalic glands of <i>C. flavolineatus</i> and <i>C. brazili</i> showed similar patterns (Fig. 4), while the main osteological differences in the skull of these taxa (Fig. 10) were those comparatively refereed in the sections “Diagnosis” and “Comparisons”.</p> <p> <b>Etymology.</b> The epithet " <i>brazili</i> " is a patronymic honoring Vital Brazil Mineiro da Campanha (1865–1950), Brazilian scientist who discovered the specificity of snakebite serum and founded two centers of excellence in research and production of strategic biological products for public health: Instituto Butantan in 1899 and Instituto Vital Brazil in 1919. Despite being a doctor by training, Vital Brazil was among the first Brazilian researchers to be concerned with the correct identification of the snakes received at that time at Instituto Butantan. Vital Brazil was honored with some species of snakes, such as <i>Rachidelus brazili</i> Boulenger, 1908, <i>Drymoluber brazili</i> (Gomes, 1918), and <i>Bothrops brazili</i> Hoge, 1954, which we can say that is still a modest honor given his great contribution to the science.</p> <p> <b>Geographic distribution and natural history (Figs. 6, 11).</b> <i>Chironius brazili</i> is distributed in Cerrado biome of Brazil throughout the states of Goiás, Federal District, Minas Gerais, and São Paulo, from 70 up to 1360m asl (generally 700–900m asl). An apparently disjunct population of <i>C. brazili</i> occurs in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.</p> <p> A female (IVB 3290; total length 995 mm) was observed in a gallery Forest of Parque Nacional de Brasília (1022m asl), foraging around 3:00 PM over rocks on the banks of a river (T. Filadelfo, pers. comm., Fig. 11). After approximation, the specimen adopted similar behaviors mentioned by Fernandes & Hamdan (2014) for <i>C. diamantina</i>. Regarding reproductive data, a single preserved female (CHUNB 3632) had five eggs in the oviduct.</p>Published as part of <i>Hamdan, Breno & Fernandes, Daniel S., 2015, Taxonomic revision of Chironius flavolineatus (Jan, 1863) with description of a new species (Serpentes: Colubridae), pp. 97-119 in Zootaxa 4012 (1)</i> on pages 107-114, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4012.1.5, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/232701">http://zenodo.org/record/232701</a>
Nilai-Nilai Adab Seorang Pendidik Menurut Buku Kepribadian Pendidik Dalam Al-Qur’an Karya Hifza Hamdan
No full textThis research is motivated by the book Personality of Educators in the Qur'an by Hifza Hamdan which offers the concept of education and the personality of an educator, as well as its relevance to the reality of education today, is a form of scientific endeavor that can be expected to have many values, one of which is related to education adab. The purpose of this study is to describe and analyze: 1) Adab values that must be possessed by an educator in the book Personality of Educators in the Qur'an by Hifza Hamdan. 2) Implementation of the educational values of an educator in the Personality of Educators in the Qur'an by Hifza Hamdan. This study uses a qualitative approach with the type of literature study (library research). The data source used in this study is the text in the book Personality of Educators in the Al-Qur'an Its Relevance to Contemporary Reality by Hifza Hamdan, then the data collection technique uses document analysis. The data analysis technique used is content analysis. Based on the results of the analysis carried out, the results of this study are: 1) The values of etiquette that must be possessed by an educator in the book Personality of Educators in the Al-Qur'an by Hifza Hamdan, are as follows: a) Have wisdom; (honest, consistent (istiqomah), intelligent (fatanah), trustworthy (amanah) and convey (tabligh), b) Sincerity c) Humble d) Learner, e) Tolerant and appreciative, f) Compassionate and compassionate, g) Wise , h) Generous and commendable, i) Forgiving and forgiving, j) Speaks kind words and touches the soul, k) Patient and steadfast, l) Creative and innovative, m) Dignified and charismatic, n) Devotion spirit, o), Capable set an example. 2) Implementation of the Adab Values of an Educator in the Personality of Educators in the Al-Qur'an by Hifza Hamdan, namely as educators as caregivers, educators-educators, educators as caregivers, educators as guides (givers of instructions), educators as protectors, educators as teachers and educators as experts in science
Pragmatic Case Studies as a Source of Unity in Applied Psychology
No full textTo unify or not to unify applied psychology: that is the question. In this article we review pendulum swings in the historical efforts to answer this question—from a comprehensive, positivist, “top-down,” deductive yes between the 1930s and the early 60s, to a postmodern no since then. A rationale and proposal for a limited, “bottom-up,” inductive yes in applied psychology is then presented, employing a case-based paradigm that integrates both positivist and postmodern themes and components. This paradigm is labeled “pragmatic psychology” and, its specific use of case studies, the “Pragmatic Case Study Method” (“PCS Method”). We call for the creation of peer-reviewed journal-databases of pragmatic case studies as a foundational source of unifying applied knowledge in our discipline. As one example, the potential of the PCS Method for unifying different angles of theoretical regard is illustrated in an area of applied psychology, psychotherapy, via the case of Mrs. B. The article then turns to the broader historical and epistemological arguments for the unifying nature of the PCS Method in both applied and basic psychology.Peer reviewe
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