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    Vapaana elävän rakkohaurun Fucus vesiculosus (L.) eliöyhteisöt

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    Yksi Itämeren avainlajeista, rakkohauru Fucus vesiculosus on viime vuosisadan aikana vähentynyt ihmisen toiminnan vaikutuksen takia. Rakkohaurun tavallista muotoa, joka elää kiinnittyneenä koviin pintoihin, uhkaa tulevan vuosisadan aikana rehevöityminen sekä muutokset veden lämpötilassa ja suolapitoisuudessa. Rakkohaurua tavataan Itämeressä myös harvinaisempana vapaana elävänä muotona, joka elää ajelehtien matalissa ja suojaisissa poukamissa. Vapaana elävää rakkohaurua on tutkittu hyvin vähän eikä sen roolia ekosysteemissä tai mahdollisen häviämisen seurauksia tunneta. Vapaana elävä muoto on mahdollisesti kiinnittynyttä muotoakin alttiimpi rehevöitymisen seurauksille. Tämän lisäksi vielä ei tiedetä aiheuttaako vapaana elävä rakkohauru sedimentin hapettomuutta leväkerroksen alla. Tässä opinnäytetyössä selvitän vapaana elävän rakkohaurun makroepifauna- ja makroinfaunayhteisöt useassa näytteenottopaikassa sekä Suomessa että Ruotsissa. Arvioin myös aiheuttaako rakkohaurun läsnäolo sedimentin hapettomuutta. Tutkimukseen kerättiin replikaatteja sekä rakkohaurukasvustosta sekä sedimentistä rakkohaurun alta ja läheiseltä paljaalta merenpohjalta. Kaikki selkärangattomat tunnistettiin, laskettiin ja punnittiin. Jokainen rakkohaurureplikaatti punnittiin sekä kasvuston korkeus mitattiin. Tutkimus osoitti, että vapaana elävän rakkohaurun läsnäololla on eliöyhteisöön samanlainen vaikutus näytteenottopaikasta ja maasta riippumatta. Tuloksista ilmeni myös, että rakkohaurun märkäpainon kasvaessa epifaunan eliörunsaus sekä biomassa kasvoivat. Tutkimuksen suurimmat eliörunsaudet sekä biomassa löytyivät kahdelta näytteenottopaikalta paljaalta sedimentiltä, joiden eliöyhteisöt koostuivat pääasiassa opportunistisista taksoneista. Tulokset mahdollisesti osoittavat ettei vapaana elävä rakkohauru aiheuta sedimentin hapettomuutta. Tämä tutkimus oli ensimmäinen katsaus vapaana elävän rakkohaurun eliöyhteisöön. Tutkimus osoitti että vapaana elävä rakkohauru on mahdollinen avainlaji Itämeren suojaisissa ja matalissa poukamissa. Rakkohaurun läsnäolo lisäsi paikalla olevan lajiston määrää verrattuna lähellä olevaan paljaaseen merenpohjaan. Epifaunayhteisö hyötyi suuremmasta rakkohaurun biomassasta, eikä rakkohaurulla havaittu olevan negatiivisia vaikutuksia infaunaan.During the last century, a decline in the canopy-forming foundation species Fucus vesiculosus has been observed in the Baltic Sea. The widely studied typical form of F. vesiculosus, that lives anchored to hard substrata, is at risk of further declines in the following century due to eutrophication and changes in water temperature and salinity. Fucus vesiculosus also exists in the Baltic Sea as a less common free-living form, which lives deposited in sheltered and shallow bays. This free-living form has been left understudied and little is known about their role in the ecosystem or the potential consequences of its disappearance. However, their occurrence may be equally or more under threat in the event of the aforementioned environmental changes. Additionally, it is currently unknown if mats of F. vesiculosus cause anoxia in the sediment below. This thesis will investigate the macroepifaunal and macroinfaunal communities associated to the presence of free-living F. vesiculosus across different sites in both Finland and Sweden. We will also estimate if F. vesiculosus causes anoxia. For this study, replicate frames of F. vesiculosus, including all vegetation and epifaunal community, were collected using mesh bags. Infaunal samples were randomly collected using benthic cores, both under the mat of F. vesiculosus and the adjacent bare soft bottom. All macroinvertebrates were identified to the lowest possible taxa, counted and weighed. Morphological measurements of F. vesiculosus thalli, such as length of thallus and wet weight, were recorded for every frame. Our results showed that the presence of free-living F. vesiculosus has a consistent effect across the two study locations. We found that increasing wet weight of F. vesiculosus significantly increased the abundance and biomass of the macroepifauna. The highest infaunal animal abundance and biomass were found in the bare sediment with high occurrence of opportunistic taxa. However, we found potential evidence to suggest that the presence of F. vesiculosus mats does not cause anoxia in the sediment. This study provides a much-needed first look into the macrofaunal communities associated to the free-living Fucus vesiculosus. Our study demonstrated that free-living F. vesiculosus is a potential foundation species in shallow, sheltered bays of the Baltic Sea by increasing the number of present taxa compared to adjacent bare sediment. Higher F. vesiculosus biomass directly increased the abundance and biomass of the macroepifaunal community, and the presence of free-living Fucus vesiculosus was not found to have significant negative effects on the associated macroinfaunal community

    Laadunvalvonta keittiösuunnittelussa

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    Keittiöiden suunnittelussa ja toteutuksessa tulee ottaa keittiön erityispiirteet huomioon, sillä jokainen keittiö on yksilöllinen. Suunnittelussa tulee huomioida ulkonäön lisäksi erityisesti keittiön toimivuus sekä tekniset ratkaisut. Ongelmia keittiön suunnitteluun voivat luoda esimerkiksi esteettömyys- ja ekologisuusvaatimukset sekä keittiön mitoitus. Suunnitteluvaiheessa täytyy varmistaa, että keittiössä liikkuminen on vaivatonta ja keittiöstä päästään siirtymään esteettömästi muihin huoneisiin. Opinnäytetyön tavoitteena oli koota yhteen laadunvalvonnan keinoja keittiösuunnittelun eri osa-alueilla. Lisäksi selvitettiin, miten laatustandardeja ja laatukäsikirjaa voidaan käyttää hyväksi laadunvalvonnassa. Työssä käytiin läpi keittiön suunnitteluun, tuotantoon ja asentamiseen liittyviä yleisimpiä ongelmia ja keinoja, miten näiltä ongelmilta vältyttäisiin. Lisäksi tutustuttiin tarkemmin asiakastyytyväisyyteen, asiakastyytyväisyysjohtamiseen sekä mahdollisiin laatuvirheisiin ja niiden seurauksiin. Opinnäytetyössä todettiin, että ammattitaitoinen suunnittelu ja huolellinen toteutus takaavat laadukkaan lopputuloksen ilman laatuvirheitä. Opinnäytetyössä saatiin laadittua tiivis ja selkeä ohjeistus laadunvarmistukseen keittiön suunnittelussa. Ohjeistuksen avulla voidaan taata toimiva ja laadukas lopputulos ja sitä voidaan hyödyntää myöhemmin keittiöitä suunniteltaessa ja toteutettaessa.The kitchen is one of the main areas of the home. Every kitchen is different and unique so when designing a kitchen all the special features have to be taken into account. The design should take into account the different kitchen-functionalities, technical solutions and the appearance of the kitchen. For example qualification and ecology create challenges in design work. The purpose of this study was to create logical instructions for quality control in different areas of kitchen design. The project was mostly carried out by examining literature and law about construction and building quality.One section of the thesis was reserved for the quality system, the quality manual and the quality standard. In the thesis the most common problems with the kitchen design, production and installation are gone through. The thesis found that professional design and implementation guarantee high-quality kitchens. The guidance can be used to ensure the functional and high-quality results. Clients or companies can take advantage of the thesis in kitchen designing and implementing

    Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis

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    The present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed

    Variations on the Author

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    “Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship

    Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis

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    We provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis

    Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts

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    We conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more sophisticated methods

    Author Index

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    koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist

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    We have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
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