3 research outputs found
Development of the national standard EVS 901-20:2013 for measuring permeability in laboratory tests
No full textEbapiisava dreenivusega pinnaste kasutamisest tingitud kahjusid on võimalik ära hoida kasutades dreenkihis kvaliteetseid ja nõuetele vastavaid piisava filtratsiooniga materjale. Maanteeameti kui ka teeehitusettevõtete huvides on, et dreenkihti paigaldatud materjali omadused oleksid määratud usaldusväärse ja reaalse olukorraga vastavuses oleva meetodiga, vältimaks ebakvaliteetse materjali kasutamisest tingitud teede eluea vähenemist ning sellega kaasnevat majanduslikku kahju kõikidele osapooltele. Uurimuse käigus selgus, et EVS 901 -20:2013 meetodi probleemidele on võimalik mõningate täienduste näol leida lahendust. Töö autor tegutses täienduste väljatöötamisel võimalikult suures kooskõlas kehtiva standardiga, et ei oleks tarvis ümber muuta juba sätestatud põhimõtteid. Läbiviidud katsete abil sai autor väga põhjaliku nägemuse probleemi olemist ning sellega kaasnevalt tekkis koostoos juhendajaga mitmeid ideid, mis oleksid kindlasti väärt edasiarendamist ja täiendavat uurimist ning katseid. Uuringu jooksul sai selgeks, et filtratsioonimooduli määramiseks ei piisa üksikutest materjali omaduste tundmisest, vaid usaldusväärsete katsetulemuste leidmiseks tuleb arvesse kindlasti vaadata materjali terviklikult. Selgus, et pealtnäha väga sarnastel materjalidel võib olla täiesti erinev filtratsioonimoodul. Seetõttu tuleks katsetamisel alati arvesse võtta materjali iseärasusi. Kokkuvõttes sai autori hinnangul kõige määravamaks aspektiks filtratsioonimooduli määramise laboratoorse katse juures tihendamismeetodi sobivus. Kui tihendamise käigus rikutakse materjali struktuuri ja tekitatakse mitte-homogeenne keskkond, siis ei ole sel viisil tihendatud proovil määratud filtratsioon enam tõepärane. Kui muuta tihendamismeetod löök-tihendamiselt vibratsiooniga tihendamisele eemaldades lisaks ka proovikeha põhjast umbes 20 mm paksuse kiht, on võimalik tagada reaalne filtratsioonimooduli väärtus ning seeläbi sobiksid praegusega võrreldes palju enamad Eesti karjääride kruusad ja liivad dreenkihi ehituseks. Lõputöö autor soovib tänada igasuguse abi eest kõiki uuringusse panustanud inimesi, kelleks olid: Tallinna Tehnikaülikooli teede ja liikluse teadus-ja katselaboratooriumi töötajad: Hardo Pajus, Urmo Pappel ja Innar Metsala, kellega koos sooritas töö autor kõik uuringus läbiviidud katsed. 58 Tallinna Tehnikaülikooli teede ja liikluse teadus-ja katselaboratooriumi juhataja: Kristjan Lill, kes võimaldas kasutada labori katseseadmeid, õpetas töö autorile selgeks katsete teostamise ning panustas ka uute katse ideede väljatöötamisse. Maanteeameti teedearenguosakonna projektijuht: Karli Kontson, kes aitas välja töötada uusi meetodeid nii, et need oleksid sobivuses Maanteeameti nõuetega. Tallinna Tehnikakõrgkooli lektor ja käesoleva lõputöö juhendaja: Sven Sillamäe, kelle suunamisel kõik uued katsemeetodid välja töötati.The author of the thesis decided to research and develop the subject because the method of measuring the pearmeability for drainage materials in Estonia has currently been under high attention and the need for developing a better method for it is essential. Since the year 2013, when the current National Standard EVS 901 -20:2013 was devised the National Road Administrations development compartment in cooperation with Tallinn University of Technology and Tallinn University of Applied Sciences have conducted many researches to find a better and optimal method for the previously described matter. In order to ensure the expected life-span of a road every layer in it needs to be made of high quality construction materials. The most important characteristic for drainage course next to bearing capacity is its ability to deposit and lead out water from the road structure. If water stays inside the road for too long it will start to weaken the whole structure thus it is very important that the material in drainage course would be able to fill its task of leading out the water fast enough. According to this it is very important that the laboratory methods for determing the materials properties are accurate and reliable. During the thesis the author describes how measuring the permeability of sands and gravels is done according to EVS 901 -20:2013 and what are the problems that occure during the process. The main focuses are on two problems of the method. The first one is evaluating the compaction method and its suitability for permeability tests and the second one is about the particle size of the gravels that is used for permeability testing. In order to solve the compaction issue that is currently causing the genesis of separate layers with different levels of density which has a negative effect on the permeability properties author decided to replace the current dynamic hammer compaction method with compacting by vibration and a static load with an additon of removing a small proportion (7,5 mm) of the test specimens bottom layer. Tests carried out during the research have proven that applying the method of compacting with vibration and removing 60 the bottom layer permeability of the materials was improved and the method itself is in better correlation with the situation in construction sites where compacting is usually done by vibrating plates and rollers. For the second problem of involving a bigger proportion of the material for large grained gravels in permeability testing the author designed a new and bigger test device that was able to include fraction 0/16 instead of the currently used 0/4. Also there has been a big misconception that including larger grain particles into permeability testing for gravels would increase the value of permeability. After carrying out a number of tests which included a variety of natural and artificial gravels, it has been revealed that by adding coarse grains to permeability testing the value of permeability was significantly decreased. The author of the thesis estimates that both of the new methods are appliable in the local road construction field but definitely need further research and more tests in order to standardize them for future usage. Finally the author wishes to thank everyone who contributed to this research with their time and effort: The staff of Tallinn University of Technologies road construction laboratory: Hardo Pajus, Urmo Pappel and Innar Metsala, who helped with carrying out the laboratory tests. The head of Tallinn University of Technologies road construction laboratory: Kristjan Lill, who enabled the usage of his laboratories equipment, taught the author how to carry out laboratory tests and helped developing new test methods. National Road Administrations development compartments project manager: Karli Kontson, who helped developing new test methods so they would be appliable for current requirements. Tallinn University of Applied Sciences lecturer and the supervisor of the thesis: Sven Sillamäe, who came up with most of the ideas for the development of the new methods
Krafan um sérkenni í vörumerkjarétti
No full textMarkmið þessarar ritgerðar er í meginatriðum að varpa ljósi á kröfuna um sérkenni í vörumerkjarétti og þau sjónarmið sem liggja að baki reglunni. Í upphafsköflum ritgerðar-innar verður fjallað um almenn atriði tengd vörumerkjarétti á Íslandi. Fjalla fyrstu kaflarnir meðal annars um stöðu vörumerkjaréttar í lögfræðinni og hvað telst vera vörumerki. Þá verður stofnunarháttur slíkra vörumerkja skoðaður sem og gildistími þeirrar verndar sem fæst með vörumerkjarétti. Í kjölfarið verða brot gegn vörumerkjarétti skoðuð en í 5. kafla er síðan vikið að meginumfjöllunarefni ritgerðarinnar, það er kröfunni um nægjanlegt sérkenni. Til að auka skilning lesanda á viðfangsefninu verður fyrst stuttlega fjallað almennt um kröfuna sjálfa sem og sögu hennar í íslenskum rétti. Ákvæðum vörumerkjalaga sem snúa að reglunni verða þá gerð skil en sérstaklega verður litið til 13. gr. laganna. Í 6. og 7. kafla er síðan farið yfir það sem getur valdið því að skráningaryfirvöld telji að vörumerki skorti sérkenni. Þá er skoðað hvort krafan sé eins fyrir allar tegundir vörumerkja og loks eru sjónarmið bak við regluna skoðuð. Í 8. kafla er síðan farið stuttlega yfir evrópsk áhrif á regluna og í þeim efnum eru stefnumarkandi dómar á borð við BABY-DRY og DOUBLEMINT skoðaðir, sem og þau áhrif sem þessir dómar höfðu á íslensku regluna. Í 9. kafla er síðan lagt í könnun þar sem er skoðað hvort íslenskur vörumerkjaréttur sé mögulega strangari en erlendur vörumerkjaréttur en í þeim efnum eru úrskurðir áfrýjunarnefndar og ákvarðanir Einkaleyfastofu skoðaðar þá sérstaklega með það í huga að skoða úrskurði eða ákvarðanir þar sem erlend vörumerki sem fengið hafa skráningu erlendis, meðal annars hjá OHIM, er synjað um skráningu hérlendis á grundvelli skorts á sérkenni. Í lokakafla ritgerðarinnar verða síðan lagðar fram niðurstöður höfundar um efni ritgerðarinnar og efnið dregið stuttlega saman.The main focus of this thesis is essentially to shed light on the requirement of a distinctive character in trademark law in Iceland and the underlying views behind the claim. The opening chapters discuss the general aspects of trademark law such as what constitutes as a trademark. The next chapters look at violation of trademark law and in chapter 5 the author moves towards the main topic of this thesis, which is the requirement of a distinctive character in trademark law. To enhance the reader's understanding of the subject the chapter that follows will briefly discuss the general requirements of the claim itself as well as the history behind it. There is also a short introduction to the provisions relating to the claim, especially article 13 in the Icelandic trademark law nr. 45/1997. Chapter 6 and 7 review the consequence of a lack of distinctive character in a trademark and the question of whether the claim is the same for all types of brands is investigated. Finally the viewpoints behind the claim are examined. In Chapter 8 there is a brief review of the impact European policy has had on the claim and judgments like BABY-DRY and DOUBLEMINT are reviewed as well as the impact they had in Iceland. Chapter 9 focuses on a research where the author investigates whether the Icelandic trademark law is potentially more stringent than trademark law abroad. In this respect the author takes a look at the rulings of the Appeals Committee and the decisions of the Patent Office and examines particularly the ruling for foreign trademarks that have received registration abroad, including OHIM, but are then refused registration in Iceland due to a lack of distinctive character. In the final chapter the conclusions of the author regarding the thesis topic will be briefly summarized
Cohort Profiles: Personality Measurements at the Estonian Biobank of the Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu
No full textLike all behaviour, personality traits are substantially heritable, but their genetic background is poorly understood. Investigating traits’ genetic background could help explain disparities in health and other life outcomes they contribute to. We describe two cohorts of the Estonian Biobank for whom, besides self- and informant-rated personality traits, detailed data are available on a wide range of measures including health behaviour, biomarkers, anthropometric measurements, and medical diagnoses and treatments. The first cohort (N_self-report = 3,640, N_informant-report = 3,488) filled out the NEO Personality Inventory-3 (NEO-PI-3) between 2008 and 2018. The second cohort (N_self-report = 77,400, N_informant-report = 21,986), collected between 2021 and 2022, responded to a large and diverse item pool called the 100 Nuances of Personality (100NP) covering the Big Five and other traits. Research opportunities include investigation of personality traits’ properties, gene discovery, prediction of health and well-being, and causal modelling. New data are added periodically through additional data collection waves and linkage with various registries and databases
