5 research outputs found
Rapid Organizational Change Through Servant Leadership
No full textA change in administration at Three Rivers College in Poplar Bluff, Missouri, created an opportunity for the library to achieve a much-needed shift in culture. The college’s library used the six servant leadership themes for team effectiveness identified by Irving and Longbotham (engaging in honest self-evaluation; communicating with clarity; fostering collaboration; supporting and resourcing; providing accountability; and valuing and appreciating) as a road map for organizational change. By focusing on making changes associated with each of these themes in step-like increments, library staff were able to revitalize and reform services and space to increase usage, expand the library’s physical and virtual footprint, better meet the needs of the campus community and solidify the library as “the place” to receive help on campus
Primary HIV-1 Infection Among Infants in sub-Saharan Africa: HPTN 024.
No full textOur objectives were to assess clinical signs and diagnoses associated with primary HIV-1 infection among infants. We analyzed data from a clinical trial (HIV Prevention Trials Network Protocol 024) in sub-Saharan Africa. Study visits were conducted at birth, at 4-6 weeks, and at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months. The study population comprised live born, singleton, first-born infants of HIV-1-infected women with negative HIV-1 RNA assays who were still breastfeeding at 4-6 weeks. Of 1317 HIV-1-exposed infants, 84 became HIV-1 infected after 4-6 weeks and 1233 remained uninfected. There were 102 primary and 5650 nonprimary infection visits. The most common signs were cough and diarrhea, and the most common diagnoses were malaria and pneumonia. Primary infection was associated with significantly increased odds of diarrhea [odds ratio (OR) = 2.4], pneumonia (OR = 3.5), otitis media (OR = 3.1), and oral thrush (OR = 2.9). For the clinical signs and diagnoses evaluated, sensitivity was low (1%-16.7%) and specificity was high (88.2%-99%). Positive predictive values ranged from 0.1%-1.4%. Negative predictive values ranged from 28.0%-51.1%. Certain clinical signs and diagnoses, although more common during primary HIV-1 infection, had low sensitivity and high specificity. Efforts to expand access to laboratory assays for the diagnosis of primary HIV-1 infection among infants of HIV-1-infected women should be emphasized
Science with the Murchison Widefield Array
No full textSignificant new opportunities for astrophysics and cosmology have been identified at low radio frequencies. The Murchison Widefield Array is the first telescope in the southern hemisphere designed specifically to explore the low-frequency astronomical sky between 80 and 300 MHz with arcminute angular resolution and high survey efficiency. The telescope will enable new advances along four key science themes, including searching for redshifted 21-cm emission from the EoR in the early Universe; Galactic and extragalactic all-sky southern hemisphere surveys; time-domain astrophysics; and solar, heliospheric, and ionospheric science and space weather. The Murchison Widefield Array is located in Western Australia at the site of the planned Square Kilometre Array (SKA) low-band telescope and is the only low-frequency SKA precursor facility. In this paper, we review the performance properties of the Murchison Widefield Array and describe its primary scientific objectives. \ua9 2013 Astronomical Society of Australia.Peer reviewed: YesNRC publication: Ye
Maternal Child Attachment and Perinatal Depression
No full textABSTRACT
Traditionally, pregnancy has been thought of as a period of well-being and happiness. The pregnancy state itself has been thought to protect women from depression. However, women of child-bearing age frequently suffer from major depression. Approximately 10 to 15% of women experience a clinically significant major depressive episode during pregnancy or the early postpartum period. These prevalences predominantly reflect rates of depressive symptoms in developed countries; there is evidence that rates of depression change aspect widely in non-developed countries. In addition to the distress and impairment experienced by depressed women, depression during this time period is associated with further adverse outcomes for both mother and child. Women who experience perinatal depressive episodes are at increased risk for subsequent episodes of both postpartum and non-postpartum depression.
Anxiety symptoms are frequently reported by pregnant women and are often considered as part of the normal psychic experiences of pregnancy, especially if they are focused on the baby's health or on future maternal competencies.
The emotional image of the baby inside is what is called the mother fetus relationship.
Cranley (1981) describes the nature of mother’s experiences as ‘physical and kinesthetic awareness of the fetus’, and an ‘intellectual knowledge of her child’.
Nowadays, the concept of prenatal attachment is more accurately defined and it generally refers to the maternal–fetal relationship, which normally develops during the pregnancy; it represents the earlier internalized representation of the fetus that both parents typically acquire and elaborate. Pregnancy can also represent a crisis period for many women, with manifest effect on antenatal attachment. Condon and Corkindale (1997) explore the hypothesis that feelings of anxiety or depression and lack of social support would be an interference issue in the development of maternal antenatal attachment. Women characterized by low attachment are associated with high levels of depression and anxiety, weak external social support, and high control and criticism in the partner relationship.
Antepartum depression is also common in women with a history of depressive illness, such that some researchers now believe pregnancy to be a risk factor for a mood disorder in those with such a history.
Despite the prevalence of depression during pregnancy and the growing body of literature associated with its treatment, whether pharmacologic or otherwise, large numbers of women are untreated.
Also “parental-fetal attachment” or perinatal term has been created to define the specific bond that parents develop towards the fetus during pregnancy. Since Winnicott’s (1958) concept of a pregnant woman’s “primary maternal preoccupation”, the quality of the parent-prenatal emotional bond has been considered as particularly important for the subsequent attachment relationship and for the infant’s psychological development.
In 1981 Cranley defined the “maternal-fetal attachment” construct and created a tool to measure it. The author describes the nature of mother’s experiences as ‘physical and kinesthetic awareness of the fetus’, and an ‘intellectual knowledge of her child’. Nowadays a specific field of research which studies the characteristics of the emotional bond which parents-to-be develop is progressively growing. Some aspects of current knowledge relating to development of prenatal attachment and the implication of low levels of prenatal attachment and risk to the fetus, is considered in this study.
Aim of the study:
The aim of this study was to assess the quality of maternal child attachment on mothers enrolled in post partum during the first month after delivery .The sample has been compared with a group of women enrolled during the first month of pregnancy and followed for twelve months like the sample of the previous study. Furthermore, we investigated the differences between the women enrolled in first month of pregnancy and after delivery. We tried to find a correlation looking at score on maternal attachment scale (MAAS) and a possible development of depression (EPDS ≥12), anxiety symptoms (STAI-Y ≥40). Even risk factors during pregnancy has been evaluated to assess the specific role of antenatal attachment as risk factor for depression (EPDS≥12), as anxiety symptoms (STAI ≥ 40) during pregnancy.
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Methods: The PND-ReScU II® study is a naturalistic longitudinal study deputated to found risks factors and a possible role of psychiatric and psychopathological prevention on perinatal disorders. This study has been performed in five Clinical Center in Tuscany (Italy) in cooperation with U.O. II Department of Psychiatry and Gynecology Department of the Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Pisana (AOUP). Women has been randomized and enrolled in the study during pregnancy on the first month and on the first month after delivery.
From January to August 2010 a sample of women (N= 946) by the Perinatal Research and Screening Unit (PND-ReScU). The Perinatal Depression-Research and Screening Unit (PND-ReScU) is based on an ongoing collaboration between the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and the Department of Psychiatry, Neurobiology, Pharmacology, and Biotechnologies of the AUOP. The primary aim of the PND-ReScU was to evaluate the effectiveness of screening for early identification and the intervention strategies to reduce and treat mood disorders in the perinatal period.
Furthermore, PND-ReScU aims were looking for individualized a battery of instruments that can be easily administered in a primary prevention setting.
Women were recruited for the study during pregnancy, at the time of delivery of the pregnancy book, or in the immediate post-partum period (during hospitalization). To have a significative relevance it was estimated to enroll 320 women during post partum period and 320 women during pregnancy. In June 2010, 491 women were recruited during post partum and at the end of August 2010 there were enrolled 455 women during pregnancy.
Instruments:
Symptoms of maternal depression were assessed using the 10-item Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (Cox et al., 1987). The Post-partum Depression Predictors Inventory-Revised (PDPI-R) (Beck, 2002) was used to identify the risk factors for PPD. Prenatal and postnatalmaternal attachment were assessed using the Maternal Antenatal Attachment Scale (MAAS) and Maternal and paternal antenatal attachment scale (MPAS). Anxiety symptoms were assessed using STAI-Y ( State Trait Anxiety Inventory form Y-1.)
Statistical analysis:
Data are presented as means (standard deviations), or percentages.
Chi-square tests were used to compare percentages and
ANOVA were used to compare mean scores.
Using analysis of variance (ANOVA) was able to compare two groups of data comparing the internal variability in these groups with the variability between groups.
To check the intensity and direction of the relationships between depression and maternal attachment to the fetus and risk factors, was performed Pearson bivariate correlation.
Analyses were conducted using SPSS, version 15.
Results:
Eligible women were 1363 , 455 (48%) recruited during pregnancy and 491 (52%) during post partum; among them, 417 (30,6%) refusedto partecipate in the study. The mean age in the first group G1 is 32.75± 4,84 and in the second gropu G2 is 33.39±4,81 years old, and in unrolled women (G3) is 32.5 ± 5.7 years old. Other sociodemographic variabilites had been evaluated and χ2 has been performed test fo find significant differences among the three groups. Most of the women of the three groups were married (G 1: n=381, 90.9%; G 2: n=389, 89.8%; G3 n=353, 87.2%); there were no differences in the groups (χ2= 8.48; p=0.01). Looking at the sample most part of women had Italian nationality bwhile unenrolled women showed almosty foreign nationality (χ2= 63.12*, p< 0,01) . 61.6% of the sample is composed of women at the first pregnancy.
A comparison between the scales administered for the two groups ( G1, G2) was performed at the first month of post partum period at T4 during the first month of pregnancy ( G1,T4; G2 T4 bis). The EPDS mean score s were 3,37 (±3,37) in the first group and the second group scored 6,3(±4,2; p=0.01) , the STAI mean scores were 45,4(±3,8) and 44,6(±3,7) in G1 and G2 respectively.
The PDPI-R mean scores were 27,5(±2,8) in G1 and 3,83 (±3,2) in G2 (p<.003) during pregnancy and 3.5 (±3.4) in G1 and 4.95(3,6) in G2 (p<.001) during post partum.
The average of the MAAS total scores at T2 ( 6° month of pregnancy) was 76.95 ± 6.3, while at T3( 8° month of pregnancy) , the average was 78.54 ± 6.29.
Considering the MAAS T2 Preoccupation subscale the average is 28.12 ± 4.2 and 29.33 ± 4.21 at T3.
Considering the Quality of Attachment subscale MAAS, the average was 47.2 ± 3.29, and 47.71 ± 2.98 at T2 and T3 respectively. Correlation between depression during pregnancy, good antenatal attachment , anxiety symptoms and risk factors is reported for PDD during pregnancy
In our sample we don’t find any association between antenatal maternal attachment and demographic characteristics except for women in their first pregnancy in which we discover higher MAAS scores than other women in sample.
Conclusions:
In the last five decades the study on the maternal attachment show a primary role for the future development of the newborn. For this reason it is essential that treatment providers in obstetric offices, primary care settings, and mental health clinics be attuned to the signs of anxiety disorders (Weisberg and Paquette, 2002). In our research we try to find the consequences of depression on newborns. We find a negative relationship between the develop of a attachment and depressive symptoms during pregnancy .
The quality of attachment in this record seems to be poor in mothers with depression and more risks factor for PDD during pregnancy.
In particular, as regards the analysis of the qualitative aspects of attachment in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy, the data confirmed a negative correlation between attachment, depressive symptoms and risk factors for the whole period of pregnancy.
Analysis of data for the period following childbirth, we found that women enrolled in the first month post-partum have an increased vulnerability to risk factors for developing postpartum depression than women enrolled in the first month of pregnancy , both with respect to the period of pregnancy (p <.003) that the postpartum period (p <.001); probably early screening and the role of caregivers in this study may have acted as protective factors.
Women enrolled in post-partum seem to have a different perception about respect to family support, support from friends and the partner, and seem to experienced higher difficulties regarding health problems, sleep and temperament in the newborn. The women in group 2, as assumed from the data of PDPI-R, were significantly more depressed than in group 1, presenting an attachment toward their child's worst than the first group. Preliminary data of our study, which appear to be the first, to our knowledge, because explores both pregnant and post-partum periods, seem to confirm this assumption and emphasize the importance of an early screening of depressive phenomenal at the earliest stages of pregnancy
The molecular genetics of bipolar affective disorder : South African populations, endophenotypes, and environmental influence
No full textIncludes bibliographical references.The identification of the genetic variants underpinning bipolar disorder (BPD) has been impeded by a complex pattern of inheritance that may include by genetic heterogeneity, genetic epistasis, gene-environment interactions, incomplete penetrance and variable expressivity. In this thesis three strategies were employed to ameliorate these confounding factors. The first strategy was to focus on a theoretically genetically-homogeneous population with BPD. A unique South African sample including 190 individuals of the relativity reproductively-isolated Afrikaner population yielded promising evidence of linkage to chromosome 1 q31-32 and weaker peaks at lOq23 and 13q32, regions previously implicated in the disorder. A family-based analysis suggested that the 3' variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) variant of the dopamine transporter gene (DAT) is associated with bipolar-spectrum illness in the 132-strong sample of British ancestry. The second strategy was to carry out genetic linkage and association analyses using quantitative traits (elldophenotypes) that were closely associated with BPD. As part of this process a variety of personality traits were evaluated in the cohort, and anxiety related, novelty-seeking, hyperthymic, and cyclothymic personality traits were found to aggregate in participants with BPD and to a lesser extent repeated unipolar illness (MDE-R). These traits were therefore used as quantitative markers or endophenotypes of BPD. The quantitative linkage analysis indicated that a variant in the region of 13q32 may influence the development of novelty-seeking-related traits in the largest Afrikaner pedigree, while the personality trait, ""Stability"", was weakly linked to 4p16 in the total sample. The catechol-o-methytransferase (COM1) Va1l58Mct and the Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) Va1l66Met polymorphisms were associated with mood-labile-cyclothymic and hyperthymic·-novelty-seeking traits, respectively. the DA T VNTR and the Notch4 exonic repeat variants were associated with a broad range of ""pathological"" personality traits in the sa11lples of British and Afrikaner origin, respectively. The sample was also evaluated with a battery of neuropsychological tasks and the BPD 1 and MDE-R groups displayed both verbal and visual memory recall deficits while the BPD 1 sample also suffered from recognition memory deficits. The neurocognitive trait, ""Memory"" was therefore used as a second endophenotype generating potential linkage signals on IOq23 and 22q 11. The exonic 48bp VNTR polymorphism in the dopamine 4 receptor (DRD4) gene was associated with '""Memory"" performance. As a third strategy, a potentially important aetiological factor, childhood trauma, was measured, and used to test for gene-environment interactions between the various candidate genes and bipolar-illness or BPD-related endophenotypes in the cohort. BPD and M DE-R individuals displayed significantly higher levels of emotional and physical abuse, and the former variable was also associated with the development of anxiety-related and unstable personality traits. A functional variant of the COM1 gene was found to interact with abuse to predispose to anxiety-related, unstable cyclothymic and novelty-seeking related personality traits. The combination of childhood abuse and possession of low-activity MAO-A gene variants was also associated the development of more anxious and unstable personality traits. All interaction between sexual abuse and the B])NF gene modulated performance on verbal and visual memory tasks. A similar interaction between the ApoE gene and sexual abuse was observed. Although a number of theoretical obstacles remain to be resolved, the analyses of isolated populations coupled with the use of endophenotypes and the testing or gene environment interactions, holds out great promise for the eventual elucidation of the genetic basis of hi polar affective disorder
