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Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Eye-Tracking-Paradigma zur Identifizierung krankheitsspezifischer Verhaltensbiomarker bei Neurodegeneration
No full textIsolated rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder (iRBD) has been identified as the most specific and common prodromal stage of α-synucleinopathies (αSYN) such as Parkinson's disease (PD), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), and the sporadic disease multiple system atrophy (MSA). Within 10 to 20 years, patients with this dream-sleep disorder convert in up to 85 % of cases to a neurodegenerative disease of the type of αSYN. Hence, iRBD is an ideal group for testing a disease-modifying therapy to postpone or even prevent phenoconversion. The latency, however, from diagnosis to phenoconversion is prolonged, lasting years to decades. Therefore, identifying iRBD patients more likely to phenoconvert needs highly sensitive and specific prodromal biomarkers and progression markers.
The goal of this study was to contribute to the identification of biomarkers in manifest and prodromal αSYNs for their future selection as participants in protection trials. Furthermore, comparing patients with αSYN and Tauopathy is the second objective of this dissertation, aimed at identifying the underlying differences between the two disorders.
To date, most of the biomarkers and progression markers for manifest αSYN relate to the motor and cognitive dysfunctions and imaging of the central nervous system but less to sensory and autonomic dysfunction. For iRBD, a recent review paper has summarized the state-of-the-art that confirms the above statement that most of the works in the field of biomarkers are performed on motor and cognitive functions and imaging.
Until 2022, little has been published on oculomotor and pupillomotor dysfunctions in manifest and prodromal αSYN, but rather on the Tauopathy; progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP). The methodologies for studying eye movements and pupillary responses are highly developed. They offer a high resolution and precision in time and space for measuring sensory, autonomic, motor, and cognitive functions.
Therefore, we systematically investigated the saccade, pupil, and blink behaviors in the manifest αSYN PD and MSA and their prodrome iRBD compared to healthy age and gender-matched controls. As a ”disease control” and for comparison, we also studied patients suffering from Tauopathy PSP.
PSP is well-known for its oculomotor abnormalities, particularly for its characteristic symptom of relative vertical gaze palsy. PSP is – like MSA – another atypical parkinsonian disorder with multiple brain tissue losses, for example, in the frontal cortex. Because the early diagnosis of PD and MSA from PSP is difficult, PSP patients have been recruited for this study.
As methods, we employed a structured saccade task that is called the Interleaved Pro/ Anti Saccade Task (IPAST) and a free viewing task (FV) to investigate oculomotor and pupillomotor function along with blink behavior in SYN and PSP.
The IPAST is a structured saccade task that requires strong cognitive control, alertness, and attention. Previous studies on the manifest SYN have shown that patients with PD have systemic abnormalities in oculomotor, pupillometric parameters, and blink behavior in the IPAST.
In order to simplify our method and broaden our ability to collect a wide range of eye movement parameters, we additionally employed another task, the unstructured free viewing of video clips (FV). Therefore, the research question is whether oculomotor and pupillomotor abnormalities and blinking during the IPAST and FV in iRBD patients differ from healthy controls, PD, MSA, and PSP.
This study represents the first use of FV for the investigation of eye movement and pupil responses in subjects suffering from prodromal and manifest SYN. It is also the first study comparing prodromal and manifest SYN (PD, MSA) with PSP in FV. This dissertation has been performed in the context of the evolving disease-modifying therapy trials for manifest SYN, which are currently ongoing in patients with Parkinson’s disease.
The next challenge will be to test these therapies in people with iRBD to slow or even prevent the full manifestation of the SYN. It will be essential to enrich prodromal populations with biomarkers of short-term conversion and to be able to monitor disease progression with serial measurements. Developing neurodegenerative disease treatments is becoming increasingly important as the population ages and the burden on families and society increases.
In summary, we identified potential prodromal biomarkers in iRBD and differences between αSYN and the Tauopathy PSP, suggesting that the IPAST and especially FV task may be a tool to identify prodromal SYN and help to distinguish early manifest αSYN from early PSP. The future goal is intra-individual follow-up studies in iRBD patients to determine whether the so far observed subtle changes in oculo/pupillo-motor measures will progressively increase over time and allow the prediction of the phenoconversion of iRBD into manifest αSYN. These longitudinal studies will show whether oculo/pupillo-motor parameters can reliably distinguish the different neurodegenerative movement disorders in the manifest stages, and even more challenging, during their prodromal progression towards phenoconversion.Die isolierte Rapid-Eye-Movement-(REM)-Schlafverhaltensstörung (iRBD) wurde als das spezifischste und häufigste Prodromalstadium von α-Synucleinopathien (αSYN) wie der Parkinson-Krankheit (PK), der Demenz mit Lewy-Körperchen (DLB) und der sporadischen Erkrankung Multisystematrophie (MSA) identifiziert. Innerhalb von 10 bis 20 Jahren entwickeln Patienten mit dieser Traumschlafstörung in bis zu 85 % der Fälle eine neurodegenerative Erkrankung vom Typ der αSYN (sogenannte Phänokonversion). Daher stellen Patienten mit iRBD eine ideale Gruppe für die Untersuchung einer krankheitsmodifizierenden Therapie dar, die diese Phänokonversion verzögern oder sogar verhindern soll. Die Zeitspanne von der Diagnose bis zur Phänokonversion ist jedoch sehr lang und kann Jahre bis Jahrzehnte dauern. Zur Identifizierung von iRBD-Patienten, bei denen die Wahrscheinlichkeit einer Phänokonversion höher ist, werden daher hochempfindliche und spezifische Biomarker für das Prodromalstadium und die Messung der prodromalen Krankheitsprogression benötigt.
Ziel dieser Studie war es, einen Beitrag zur Identifizierung von Biomarkern bei manifesten und prodromalen αSYN-Patienten zu leisten, damit diese künftig als Teilnehmer an neuroprotektiven Studien ausgewählt werden können. Darüber hinaus war der Vergleich von Patienten mit αSYN und Tauopathien das zweite Ziel dieser Dissertation, um die zugrundeliegenden Unterschiede zwischen den beiden Erkrankungen zu identifizieren.
Bisher beziehen sich die meisten Biomarker und Progressionsmarker für manifeste αSYN auf die motorischen und kognitiven Störungen und die Bildgebung des zentralen Nervensystems, aber weniger auf sensorische und autonome Funktionsstörungen. Für iRBD hat eine kürzlich erschienene Übersichtsarbeit den Stand der Forschung zusammengefasst und bestätigt, dass sich die meisten Arbeiten im Bereich der Biomarker auf motorische und kognitive Funktionen und die Bildgebung beziehen.
Bis 2022 wurden vor allem Arbeiten zu Störungen der Okulo- und Pupillomotorik bei der Tauopathie, progressive supranukleäre Blickparese (PSP), veröffentlicht. Nur wenige haben sich mit Auffälligkeiten der Okulo- und Pupillomotorik bei manifesten und prodromalen αSYN beschäftigt. Die Methoden zur Untersuchung von Augenbewegungen und Pupillenreaktionen sind hoch entwickelt. Sie bieten eine hohe zeitliche und räumliche Auflösung und Präzision für die Messung sensorischer, autonomer, motorischer und kognitiver Funktionen.
Daher untersuchten wir systematisch das Sakkaden-, Pupillen- und Blinzelverhalten bei den manifesten αSYN, PK und MSA, sowie deren Prodromalstadium, der iRBD, im Vergleich zu gesunden, altersgleichen Kontrollen. Als "Krankheitskontrolle" und zum Vergleich untersuchten wir auch Patienten, die an der Tauopathie PSP leiden.
Typisch für die PSP sind Störungen der Okulomotorik, insbesondere das charakteristische Symptom der relativen vertikalen Blickparese. Die PSP gehört - wie die MSA – zu den atypischen Parkinsonsyndromen und ist durch multiple Hirngewebsverluste, zum Beispiel im frontalen Kortex, gekennzeichnet. Da die differentialdiagnostische Abgrenzung von PK, MSA und PSP in der Frühphase schwierig ist, wurden für diese Studie auch PSP-Patienten rekrutiert.
Als Methoden verwendeten wir eine strukturierte Sakkadenaufgabe, die Interleaved Pro/Anti Saccade Task (IPAST) genannt wird, und eine „FreeViewing“-Aufgabe (FV), um die okulomotorische und pupillomotorische Funktion sowie das Blinzelverhalten bei αSYN und PSP zu untersuchen.
Die IPAST ist eine strukturierte Sakkadenaufgabe, die eine starke kognitive Kontrolle, Wachsamkeit und Aufmerksamkeit erfordert. Frühere Studien zu manifesten αSYN haben gezeigt, dass PK-Patienten systemische Störungen der Okulomotorik, der pupillometrischen Parameter und des Blinzelverhaltens im IPAST aufweisen.
Um unsere Methode zu vereinfachen und unsere Möglichkeiten zur Erfassung eines breiten Spektrums von Augenbewegungsparametern zu erweitern, haben wir zusätzlich eine weitere Aufgabe eingesetzt: das unstrukturierte freie Betrachten von Videoclips (free viewing (FV)). Die Forschungsfrage lautete daher, ob sich okulomotorische und pupillomotorische Störungen und das Blinzelverhalten während der IPAST und des FV bei iRBD-Patienten von gesunden Kontrollen, PK-, MSA- und PSP-Patienten unterscheiden.
In dieser Studie wurde zum ersten Mal die FV zur Untersuchung von Augenbewegungen und Pupillenreaktionen bei Patienten mit prodromaler und manifester αSYN eingesetzt. Es war auch die erste Studie, die prodromale und manifeste αSYN (PK, MSA) mit der PSP in FV vergleicht. Diese Dissertation wurde im Kontext der sich entwickelnden krankheitsmodifizierenden Therapiestudien für manifeste αSYN durchgeführt, die derzeit bei Patienten mit PK durchgeführt werden.
Die nächste Herausforderung wird darin bestehen, diese Therapien bei Menschen mit iRBD zu testen, um die vollständige Manifestation der αSYN zu verlangsamen oder sogar zu verhindern. Es wird von entscheidender Bedeutung sein, Biomarker für die Prodromalphase zu haben, die Risikopatienten mit einem hohen Risiko der kurzfristigen Phänokonversion identifizieren und das Fortschreiten der Krankheit mit seriellen Messungen erfassen. Die Entwicklung von krankheitsmodifizierenden Therapien für neurodegenerative Erkrankungen wird immer wichtiger, da die Bevölkerung altert und die Belastung für Familien und Gesellschaft zunimmt.
Zusammenfassend haben wir potenzielle Biomarker für das Prodromalstadium der αSYN, der iRBD, und zur Messung von Unterschieden zwischen αSYN und der Tauopathie PSP identifiziert. Unsere Ergebnisse deuten daraufhin, dass die IPAST- und insbesondere die FV-Aufgabe ein Instrument zur Identifizierung von αSYN im Prodromalstadium und zur Unterscheidung zwischen früher, manifester αSYN und früher PSP sein könnte. Das zukünftige Ziel sind intra-individuelle Verlaufsstudien bei iRBD-Patienten, um festzustellen, ob die bisher beobachteten subtilen Veränderungen der okulo- und pupillomotorischen Messungen im Laufe der Zeit zunehmen und die Vorhersage der Phänokonversion von iRBD in manifeste αSYN ermöglichen
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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