1,720,987 research outputs found
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Natural and Synthetic Hydrogels as Biomimetic Materials for Cancer Immunotherapies
No full textLa immunoteràpia contra el càncer, la qual es basa en aprofitar el sistema immunitari dels mateixos pacients en comptes de tractar directament el tumor, com ho fan els tractaments convencionals (per exemple, cirurgia, radioteràpia i quimioteràpia), és sens dubte un dels enfocaments terapèutics actualment més prometedors per la lluita contra en càncer. Una de les branques més prometedores de les immunoteràpies actuals és la teràpia cel·lular adoptiva (ACT) amb la qual s’estan aconseguint remissions a llarg termini de càncers en fase tardana i refractaris, especialment en hematològics i melanoma. Aquestes immunoteràpies personalitzades avançades encara han de superar diverses limitacions biomèdiques i tècniques abans de convertir-se en un tractament rutinari del càncer. Una de les principals limitacions rau en la capacitat d’obtenir un nombre adequat de cèl·lules T terapèutiques en els pacients, que siguin persistents in-vivo. A més, també s’hauria de reduir el temps i els elevats costos requerits per produir aquestes cèl·lules T. En aquesta tesi, s’han posat tots els esforços per fer front a aquestes limitacions desenvolupant i aplicant hidrogels (sintètics i naturals) com a ganglis limfàtics artificials (LN) per expandir de manera més eficient cèl·lules T humanes primàries i controlar-ne els fenotips obtinguts. En col·laboració amb l’empresa Biogelx (Regne Unit), s’han estudiat hidrogels sintètics comercials capaços d’imitar les propietats de la matriu extracel·lular (ECM). Malgrat els esforços en optimitzat diversos paràmetres (rigidesa, densitat cel·lular, etc...) dels hidrogels pel cultiu de cèl·lules T, no s’ha aconseguir proliferació i s’ha trobat que eren citotòxics. En una altra col·laboració industrial amb Viscofan S.A. (Espanya), s’han utilitzat hidrogels de col·lagen natural per a l’expansió de cèl·lules T humanes primàries. Després de diverses optimitzacions, s’ha aconseguit una millora destacada en l’expansió de les cèl·lules T humanes primàries en alguns dels hidrogels de col·lagen utilitzats. A més, el fenotip obtingut no s’ha alterat en comparació amb la metodologia actualment utilitzada basada en sistemes de suspensió. D’altre banda, en el marc d’aquesta tesis també s’ha utilitzat una estratègia d’òpal invers (IOPAL) per fabricar una segona generació d’un hidrogel desenvolupat anteriorment en el nostre grup, per tal d’augmentar-ne la mida dels porus, controlar la seva microestructura i així millorar la interacció cèl·lula-hidrogel. Aquests hidrogels estan fets de polietilenglicol (PEG) combinats covalentment amb heparina (PEG-Hep) amb l’objectiu d’imitar l’ECM dels LN. Els hidrogels PEG-Hep IOPAL s’han sintetitzat amb èxit i s’han caracteritzat completament pel que fa a la morfologia i les propietats mecàniques. Els nous hidrogels PEG-Hep IOPAL han donar lloc a una millora en la proliferació de cèl·lules T en comparació amb les metodologies actuals d’última generació, o amb la seva forma en bulk. A més, els fenotips obtinguts amb els hidrogels PEG-Hep IOPAL són inclús més adequats per aconseguir la persistència de les cèl·lules T in-vivo que els obtinguts amb els sistemes d’expansió actuals. Finalment, per tal imitar el flux de fluids dins el LN, en col·laboració amb l’Institut de Microelectrònica de Barcelona (CSIC), s’ha iniciat la creació d’un LN-on-a-xip que conté el nostre LN- artificial basat en l’hidrogel IOPAL PEG-Hep. S’ha realitzat una àmplia optimització de les condicions de posada en marxa pel que fa al disseny del dispositiu microfluídic, el flux volumètric, el procés d’esterilització i les condicions de sembra cel·lular, que han permès obtenir informació sobre el disseny i procediments més adequats per fabricar amb èxit un LN-on-a-chip. En conclusió, aquesta tesi ha donat lloc a una millor comprensió de com crear una plataforma d’hidrogel 3D per a l’expansió de cèl·lules T, inspirant-se en l’entorn dels ganglis limfàtics humans, per tal d’ajudar a millorar les limitacions actuals de les immunoteràpies ACT contra el càncer.La inmunoterapia contra el cáncer, se basa en aprovechar el sistema inmunitario de los pacientes en vez de tratar directamente el tumor, como lo hacen los tratamientos convencionales (por ejemplo, cirugía, radioterapia y quimioterapia), es sin duda uno de los enfoques terapéuticos actualmente más prometedores por la lucha contra en cáncer. Una de las ramas más prometedoras de las inmunoterapias actuales es la terapia celular adoptiva (ACT) con la que se están consiguiendo remisiones a largo plazo de cánceres en fase tardía y refractarios, especialmente en hematológicos y melanoma. Estas inmunoterapias personalizadas avanzadas todavía deben superar diversas limitaciones antes de convertirse en un tratamiento rutinario del cáncer. Una de las principales limitaciones estriba en la capacidad de obtener un número adecuado de células T terapéuticas en los pacientes, que sean persistentes in-vivo. Además, también debería reducirse el tiempo y los elevados costes requeridos para producir células T. En esta tesis, se han puesto todos los esfuerzos para hacer frente a estas limitaciones desarrollando y aplicando hidrogeles (sintéticos y naturales) como ganglios linfáticos artificiales (LN) para expandir de forma más eficiente células T humanas primarias y controlarlas los fenotipos obtenidos. En colaboración con la empresa Biogelx (Reino Unido), se han estudiado hidrogeles sintéticos comerciales capaces de imitar las propiedades de la matriz extracelular (ECM). A pesar de los esfuerzos en optimizar varios parámetros (rigidez, densidad celular, etc...) de los hidrogeles por el cultivo de células T, no se ha logrado proliferación y se ha encontrado que eran citotóxicos. En otra colaboración industrial con Viscofan S.A. (España), se han utilizado hidrogeles de colágeno natural para la expansión de células T humanas. Tras varias optimizaciones, se ha logrado una mejora destacada en la expansión de las células T humanas. Además, el fenotipo obtenido no se ha alterado frente a la metodología actualmente utilizada basada en sistemas de suspensión. Por otro lado, en el marco de esta tesis también se ha utilizado una estrategia de ópalo inverso (IOPAL) para fabricar una segunda generación de un hidrogel desarrollado anteriormente en nuestro grupo, para aumentar la tamaño de los poros, controlar su microestructura y así mejorar la interacción célula-hidrogel. Estos hidrogeles están hechos de polietilenglicol (PEG) combinados covalentemente con heparina (PEG-Hep) con el objetivo de imitar la ECM de los LN. Los hidrogeles PEG-Hep IOPAL se han sintetizado con éxito y se han caracterizado completamente en cuanto a morfología y propiedades mecánicas. Los nuevos hidrogeles PEG-Hep IOPAL han dado lugar a una mejora en la proliferación de células T en comparación con las metodologías actuales de última generación, o con su forma en bulk. Además, los fenotipos obtenidos con los hidrogeles PEG-Hep IOPAL son incluso más adecuados para conseguir la persistencia de las células T in-vivo que los obtenidos con los actuales sistemas de expansión. Finalmente, para imitar el flujo de fluidos dentro del LN, en colaboración con el Instituto de Microelectrónica de Barcelona (CSIC), se ha iniciado la creación de un LN-on-a-chip que contiene nuestro LN - artificial basado en el hidrogel IOPAL PEG-Hep. Se ha realizado una amplia optimización de las condiciones de puesta en marcha en cuanto al diseño del dispositivo microfluídico, el flujo volumétrico, el proceso de esterilización y las condiciones de siembra celular, que han permitido obtener información sobre el diseño y procedimientos más adecuados para fabricar con éxito un LN-on-a-chip. En conclusión, esta tesis ha dado lugar a una mejor comprensión de cómo crear una plataforma de hidrogel 3D para la expansión de células T, inspirándose en el entorno de los ganglios linfáticos humanos, a fin de ayudar a mejorar las limitaciones actuales de las inmunoterapias ACT contra el cáncer.Cancer immunotherapy, which is based on harnessing the immune system of patients, instead of directly targeting the tumour as the conventional treatments (e.g. surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy) do, is undoubtedly one of the most promising therapeutic approaches towards the final goal of defeating cancer, as already recognized in 2013 by the journal “Science” as a “Breakthrough of the Year”. One of the most promising branches of current immunotherapies is adoptive cell therapy (ACT). ACT is demonstrating great promise by achieving long-term remissions in late-stage and refractory cancers, especially in haematological cancers and melanoma. However, these advanced personalized immunotherapies have to overcome several biomedical and technical limitations before they become a routine cancer treatment. One of the main limitations relies on the capacity to obtain adequate numbers of therapeutic T cells in the patients, which are persistent in vivo. Moreover, the time and elevated costs to produce these T cells should be reduced. In this thesis, all efforts were aligned to tackle these limitations by developing and applying hydrogels (synthetic and natural) as artificial lymph nodes (LNs) to efficiently expand primary human T cells and control the obtained phenotypes. Through a collaboration with the company Biogelx (United Kingdom), we studied commercial synthetic hydrogels capable to mimic extracellular matrix (ECM) properties, according to specifications. Several parameters were modified in order to optimize the conditions for T cell culture, i.e. the stiffness of the hydrogels, the cell density used in seeding, the hydrogel formation step and the cell recovery method. Despite all the efforts in conjunction with the company, no proliferation of T cells was observed, and the material were found to be cytotoxic to human T cells. In another industrial collaboration with Viscofan S.A. (Spain), 3D natural collagen hydrogels were used for the expansion of primary human T cells. After several optimizations, an outstanding improvement in primary human T cell expansion was obtained in some of the collagen hydrogels used. Additionally, the phenotype obtained was not altered when compared with the state-of-the-art methodology, consisting of expanding these cells in suspension systems. An inverse opal (IOPAL) strategy was employed to fabricate a second generation of our previously reported bulk hydrogel in order to increase the pore size and control their microstructure. These hydrogels were made of poly(ethylene) glycol (PEG) covalently combined with heparin (PEG-Hep) with the objective to mimic the ECM of the LNs. The PEG-Hep IOPAL hydrogels were fully characterized in terms of morphology and mechanical properties. Moreover, they resulted in an improvement in T cell proliferation when compared to the state-of-the-art methodologies, but also to its bulk form. Additionally, the phenotypes obtained with the IOPAL hydrogels were more adequate to achieve T cell persistence in vivo than the ones obtained with the current expansion systems. To mimic the fluid flow of the LNs, in this Thesis, in collaboration with the Institute of Microelectronics of Barcelona (IMB-CNM-CSIC), it has been initiated the creation of a LN-on-a-chip containing our artificial LN, the IOPAL PEG-Hep hydrogels. An extensive optimization of the set up conditions has been performed in terms of the design of the microfluidic device, the volumetric flow, the sterilization process and the cell seeding conditions, allowing us to get information about the most adequate design and procedures to successfully fabricate a LN-on-a-chip in a recent future. In conclusion, this thesis led to a better understanding on how to create a 3D hydrogel platform for T cell expansion, by taking inspiration from the human lymph nodes environment, to help improving current limitations of ACT.Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Programa de Doctorat en Ciència de Material
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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