1,711 research outputs found
Business cycles, technology and exports
No full textThis article shows - on both conceptual and empirical grounds - the importance of business cycles in affecting key relationships between innovation and international performance. While periods of upswing are characterised by a well documented 'virtuous circle'. between innovation inputs, new products and export success, during downswings most of the positive relationships and feedbacks tend to break down. The findings of Guarascio et al. (2014) on the long-term relationships between R&D, new products and exports are confirmed and qualified with major novelties. But when the period of analysis is split between periods of upswing and downswing - following Lucchese and Pianta (2012) - significantly different relationships emerge. These results are obtained through an approach that combines several complementary perspectives. A Schumpeterian view on the diversity of technological change allows to disentangle the specificities and effects of innovation inputs and outputs, and of new products and new processes. A structural change perspective on the role of demand as a driver of innovation and on the importance of open economies allows to link industries. dynamics with international competitiveness. A business cycle perspective crossing the two previous appraoches sheds new light on the fragility of key economic relationships and on the long term damage that recessions may cause to the 'virtuous circle'. of innovation and performance. The model we propose links exports, R&D and innovation success in a system of three simultaneous equations allowing for the presence of feedbacks loops among key variables. The empirical test is carried out for the period 1995-2010 at the industry level, on 21 manufacturing and 17 service sectors; country coverage includes Germany, France, Italy, Spain, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom, representing a very large part of the European economy
Skill gap, mismatch, and the dynamics of Italian companies’ productivity
No full textRelying on a unique integrated database, this work explores the relationship between labour productivity, on one side; intensity and characteristics of companies’ skills need and degree of skill mismatch, on the other. The analysis focuses on a representative sample of Italian limited liability companies observed during the years 2012, 2014 and 2017.relying on a unique integrated database, this work explores the relationship between labour productivity, on one side; intensity and characteristics of companies’ skills need and degree of skill mismatch, on the other. the analysis focuses on a representative sample of italian limited liability companies observed during the years 2012, 2014 and 2017. skill gap, mismatch, and the dynamics of italian companies’ productivity lucrezia fanti dario guarascio matteo tubian
Digitalization, routineness and employment: An exploration on Italian task-based data
No full textThis paper explores the relation between the digitalization of labour processes, the level of routineness of labour tasks and changes in employment in the case of Italy in the period 2011-16. The levels of digitalization and routineness of occupations in more than 500 4-digit ISCO professional groups are measured using data from a unique Italian profession-level survey on skill, tasks and work contents – the INAPP-ISTAT Survey on Italian Occupations (ICP), an O*NET-type dataset. Two digitalization indices are used: a digital use index, measuring the use of computers and e-mail in the workplace, and a digital tasks index, capturing the presence of a set of key digital tasks, such as those related to programming or activities concerning the use of specialized hardware. The same dataset is used to compute a composite routine task intensity index. The descriptive evidence presented in the paper shows strong differences across occupations in the level of digitalization and routineness, and the presence of a negative relation between the two in most professional groups. The econometric estimates show that digital-intensive occupations tend to grow more than the rest of the workforce, particularly when digitalization is measured relying on the digital use indicator. The level of routineness, in turn, is negatively or, in some specifications, not significantly associated to employment change. However, occupations that are both digital and routine-intensive turn out to be penalized in terms of employment growth, providing further support to (and further qualifying) the the routine biased technological change (RBTC) hypothesis. In other words, our results show that the impact of digitalization on employment is mediated by the level of routineness characterizing the tasks bundled in each occupation
Heterogeneity in the demand-growth relationship at the firm level. The role of demand sources and innovation/knowledge characteristics
No full textThis work investigates whether different demand sources (i.e. demand for the firms’ output from households, other firms and the public sector) have different effects on firms’ employment growth and whether the growth effects of the demand sources vary by the firms’ innovation/knowledge characteristics. Relying on a representative sample of Italian companies observed between 2012 and 2017, we find that companies serving prevalently other firms or the government as their main demand source tend to grow faster than firms selling final goods to households. However, the growth advantage is more robust for firms serving prevalently other firms as their main demand source. We also find that the relative growth advantage is more pronounced among innovation-intensive and knowledge-intensive firms supplying other firms prevalently. Our findings are robust to the inclusion of firm-level controls and time, sectoral and geographical dummies. Confirming one of the major insights of both the Keynesian and the Schumpeterian traditions, demand emerges as a key driver of growth, the effects of which are mediated by the firms’ innovation/knowledge characteristics
A Comparative national tasks database," JRC Working Papers on Labour, Education and Technology
No full textThe present study offers an original and unique database collecting information on task profiles using national data across five European countries (France, Germany, Italy, Spain and UK) in order to assess the existence of cross country variability in terms of tasks content, methods of work and tools used at work. Overall, the comparative component contributes to better understanding nature of work, effects of technical change, institutional and cultural variations across countries, a dimension often neglected in the literature especially for limitation in data availability at the national level. The creation of task indicators follows the overall approach and methodology developed in Fernandez-Macias, Hurley and Bisello, 2016; Fernandez-Macias, Bisello, Sarkar, Torrejon, 2016 and its updated version by Fernandez-Macias and Bisello (2020). In order to provide consistent cross-country data enabling comparisons, we applied the weighted ranking method already established in the literature and often used in the job-based approach. Using the ordered ranking resulting from the standardisation adopted, we analysed national employment structures focusing on tasks profile as well as on the employment distribution by task-terciles. The descriptive analysis performed highlights two main patterns. First, a certain degree of similarity in employment structures by tasks content terciles emerges, especially once compared across occupational groups. The task content of jobs reflects the technical nature of the production process - which is directly related to the type of product or service that is produced – and, in principle, is less affected by national differences. Second, countries show more heterogeneity in terms of work organization, namely "methods of work". This can in turn be explained by the fact that work methods reflect (relatively more than content itself) the socio-organizational structure in which they are embedded and are affected by idiosyncratic behavioral patterns of routines, cultural values, institutional frameworks
Digitalization, routineness and employment: An exploration on Italian task-based data
No full textThis paper explores the relation between the digitalization and of labour processes, the level of routineness of tasks and changes in employment. The levels of digitalization and routineness of occupations in 796 5-digit ISCO professional groups are measured using data from a unique Italian profession-level survey on skill, task and work contents – the INAPP-ISTAT Survey on Italian Occupations (ICP), an O*NET-type dataset. We develop three novel digitalization indices: a digital use index measuring the use of digital devices and technologies in the workplace, a digital skills index assessing the familiarity and skill in using digital technologies, and a digital tasks index capturing the frequency and importance of selected digital tasks. Using the same data-source the Autor and Dorn routine task intensity index is also computed. This allows us to explore, based on robust indicators on routinization and digitalization, the existence and the strength of a “routinized biased technological change” specifically associated to the use of digital technologies. Results show the multifaceted nature of both digitalization and routineness processes, both characterized by strong sectoral specificities and by being strongly associated with the skill content of labour professions. Professions characterized by higher digital skills are those showing the best employment performances (although this holds only in manufacturing sector). Both the descriptive and econometric evidences show a negative employment dynamics among professions combining high level of digitalization and routineness
Prime evidenze dalla banca dati integrata PEC-AIDA-COB
No full textLe informazioni registrate nel corso dell’Indagine sulle Professioni e le Competenze nelle imprese sono utilizzate per migliorare le politiche e gli investimenti pubblici per la formazione dei lavoratori nel nostro Paese e per ridurre il gap esistente tra le attuali conoscenze e competenze dei lavoratori e quelle realmente necessarie al mondo produttivo per rispondere in modo efficace alle richieste del mercato. In quest'ottica, le prime evidenze, rilevate dalla lettura della banca dati integrata PEC-AIDA-COB, consentono di contribuire alla letteratura empirica sulla relazione tra conoscenza interna alle imprese e produttività del lavoro affrontando temi cruciali dal punto di vista della policy.le informazioni registrate nel corso dell’indagine sulle professioni e le competenze nelle imprese sono utilizzate per migliorare le politiche e gli investimenti pubblici per la formazione dei lavoratori nel nostro paese e per ridurre il gap esistente tra le attuali conoscenze e competenze dei lavoratori e quelle realmente necessarie al mondo produttivo per rispondere in modo efficace alle richieste del mercato. in quest'ottica, le prime evidenze, rilevate dalla lettura della banca dati integrata pec-aida-cob, consentono di contribuire alla letteratura empirica sulla relazione tra conoscenza interna alle imprese e produttività del lavoro affrontando temi cruciali dal punto di vista della policy. necessità di aggiornamento delle competenze, mismatch e produttività del lavoro dario guarascio lucrezia fanti matteo tubian
Digitalization, routineness and employment: An exploration on Italian task-based data
No full textThis paper explores the relation between the digitalization of labour processes, the level of routineness of labour tasks and changes in employment in the case of Italy in the period 2011-16. The levels of digitalization and routineness of occupations in more than 500 4-digit ISCO professional groups are measured using data from a unique Italian profession-level survey on skill, tasks and work contents – the INAPP-ISTAT Survey on Italian Occupations (ICP), an O*NET-type dataset. Two digitalization indices are used: a digital use index, measuring the use of computers and e-mail in the workplace, and a digital tasks index, capturing the presence of a set of key digital tasks, such as those related to programming or activities concerning the use of specialized hardware. The same dataset is used to compute a composite routine task intensity index. The descriptive evidence presented in the paper shows strong differences across occupations in the level of digitalization and routineness, and the presence of a negative relation between the two in most professional groups. The econometric estimates show that digital-intensive occupations tend to grow more than the rest of the workforce, particularly when digitalization is measured relying on the digital use indicator. The level of routineness, in turn, is negatively or, in some specifications, not significantly associated to employment change. However, occupations that are both digital and routine-intensive turn out to be penalized in terms of employment growth, providing further support to (and further qualifying) the the routine biased technological change (RBTC) hypothesis. In other words, our results show that the impact of digitalization on employment is mediated by the level of routineness characterizing the tasks bundled in each occupation
Aktuelles zu Inzidenz, Risikofaktoren und Behandlung von venösen Thrombosen an ungewöhnlichen Stellen
No full textTUTELA DEL LAVORO E LIBERTA' D'IMPRESA NEI PROCESSI DI ESTERNALIZZAZIONE
No full textL’elaborato analizza le conseguenze lavoristiche della successione fra imprenditori, muovendo da una ricognizione delle varie tipologie di esternalizzazione con le relative esigenze e principali criticità.
L’indagine si concentra in primo luogo sul trasferimento d’azienda, esaminando la normativa e la giurisprudenza europee per passare poi alla disciplina di diritto interno, alle procedure sindacali e a uno specifico focus sul trasferimento delle aziende in crisi.
Successivamente l’autore si sofferma sull’appalto, prendendone in particolare considerazione gli indici di genuinità, i criteri di distinzione dalla somministrazione illecita di manodopera e la tutela delle maestranze in caso di avvicendamento fra imprese.
Da ultimo, la ricerca approfondisce le c.d. “clausole sociali”, sia di prima che di seconda generazione, valutandone la compatibilità con il diritto eurounitario e con la costituzione nonché riflettendo sui possibili rimedi in caso di loro violazione.The author analyzes the labour consequences of the succession between entrepreneurs, starting from a recognition of the various types of outsourcing with the related needs and main critical issues.
The survey focuses primarily on the transfer of businesses, examining European legislation and case-law and then moving on to internal legislation, trade union procedures and a specific focus on the transfer of companies in crisis.
The author then dwells on the contract, taking into account in particular the indications of authenticity, the criteria of distinction from the illicit administration of labour and the protection of workers in the event of turnover between companies.
Finally, the research deepens the "social clauses", both first and second generation, assessing their compatibility with European law and with the constitution and reflecting on possible remedies in case of their violation
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