1,720,963 research outputs found
Zakład Pascala a spór o naturę łaski
Get PDFPascal’s Wager is one of the most interesting and original arguments for the existence of God. It does not invoke advanced metaphysical concepts; instead, it employs the methods and concepts of probability calculus. Its argumentative power mainly rests on the appropriate interpretation of the determinants of human existence, which are taken to include our cognitive, moral and physical limitations. The article discusses different aspects of Pascal’s reasoning. In particular, it examines the wager in the context of Grace as something that Pascal himself believed in
Nota o probabilistycznych argumentach na rzecz istnienia Boga
No full textArtykuł przedstawia, rozwijaną na przestrzeni ostatnich czterech stuleci, argumentację teistyczną na rzecz istnienia Boga, wykorzystującą pojęcia o charakterze probabilistycznym. Na szczególną uwagę w tym kontekście zasługują: 1) probabilistyczna wersja argumentu z celowego zamysłu oraz 2) Zakład Pascala. W celu precyzyjnego zaprezentowania obu dróg argumentacyjnych zdefiniowane zostały w artykule tzw. probabilistyczne miary racjonalności. Opierają się one na pojęciu prawdopodobieństwa (klasycznego), prawdopodobieństwa warunkowego i wartości oczekiwanej. Przy zastosowaniu tychże pojęć zrekonstruowane zostały wspomniane wyżej rozumowania. Analityczna postać formuł określających miary racjonalności umożliwia także przeprowadzenie dyskusji merytorycznej wartości omawianych argumentów. Ich siła dowodowa jest w znacznym stopniu uzależniona od przyjmowanych explicite i implicite założeń ontologicznych, epistemologicznych oraz kulturowych. Najbardziej odpornym na krytykę wydaje się Zakład Pascala, który przemawia do szerokiego spektrum ludzi. Jednakże również ten argument jest w istotnym stopniu oparty na założeniach światopoglądowych.The article presents the theistic arguments for the existence of God that have been developed for the past 400 years and that use the concepts from probability theory. It focuses on: 1) the probabilistic version of the argument from design, and 2) Pascal's Wager. In order to present these two arguments rigorously, the so called probabilistic measures of rationality have been defined. The measures are based on the concepts of (classic) probability, conditional probability, and the expected value. These concepts have been applied to reconstruct the arguments in question. Additionally, the analytic form of the formulas defining rationality measures enables to discuss the substantive value of the arguments presented. Their weight of evidence depends to a great extent on the ontological, epistemological, and cultural assumptions that have been accepted either explicitly or implicitly. Pascal's Wager seems to be the most resistant to criticism. It also appeals to a wide range of people. Still, it is largely based on the accepted world view
On Incomplete Induction in Mathematics
No full textThe subject of this article is the role of inductive reasoning (in the meaning of induction by incomplete enumeration) in the methodology of mathematics.
The following types of induction have been distinguished:I1) induction which causes formulation of axioms of different mathematical theories;I2) enumerative induction which causes formulation of theorems on the basis of a finite number of cases;I3) induction concerning the range of application of mathematical symbols;I4) induction generalising the properties of finite sets to the infinite case;I5) induction pointing to analogies between problems belonging to different domains of mathematics.
Inductive reasoning should not be put against the creativity of scientists, as induction is often an important, though not always conscious part of our cognition. The concept of notional metaphor can be useful for explaining the nature of inductive reasoning. With this concept, a general scheme of inductive reasoning has been proposed, which, in the opinion of the authors, is more adequate for presenting the nature of induction than traditional approaches
Nota o probabilistycznych argumentach na rzecz istnienia Boga
No full textArtykuł przedstawia, rozwijaną na przestrzeni ostatnich czterech stuleci, argumentację teistyczną na rzecz istnienia Boga, wykorzystującą pojęcia o charakterze probabilistycznym. Na szczególną uwagę w tym kontekście zasługują: 1) probabilistyczna wersja argumentu z celowego zamysłu oraz 2) Zakład Pascala. W celu precyzyjnego zaprezentowania obu dróg argumentacyjnych zdefiniowane zostały w artykule tzw. probabilistyczne miary racjonalności. Opierają się one na pojęciu prawdopodobieństwa (klasycznego), prawdopodobieństwa warunkowego i wartości oczekiwanej. Przy zastosowaniu tychże pojęć zrekonstruowane zostały wspomniane wyżej rozumowania. Analityczna postać formuł określających miary racjonalności umożliwia także przeprowadzenie dyskusji merytorycznej wartości omawianych argumentów. Ich siła dowodowa jest w znacznym stopniu uzależniona od przyjmowanych explicite i implicite założeń ontologicznych, epistemologicznych oraz kulturowych. Najbardziej odpornym na krytykę wydaje się Zakład Pascala, który przemawia do szerokiego spektrum ludzi. Jednakże również ten argument jest w istotnym stopniu oparty na założeniach światopoglądowych.The article presents the theistic arguments for the existence of God that have been developed for the past 400 years and that use the concepts from probability theory. It focuses on: 1) the probabilistic version of the argument from design, and 2) Pascal's Wager. In order to present these two arguments rigorously, the so called probabilistic measures of rationality have been defined. The measures are based on the concepts of (classic) probability, conditional probability, and the expected value. These concepts have been applied to reconstruct the arguments in question. Additionally, the analytic form of the formulas defining rationality measures enables to discuss the substantive value of the arguments presented. Their weight of evidence depends to a great extent on the ontological, epistemological, and cultural assumptions that have been accepted either explicitly or implicitly. Pascal's Wager seems to be the most resistant to criticism. It also appeals to a wide range of people. Still, it is largely based on the accepted world view
Socioeconomic Policy and Its Impact on the Relationship Between Economic Growth and the State of the Environment: The Significance of the Environmental Kuznets Curve
Get PDFThis article outlines the role of the environmental Kuznets curve in research on the relationship between economic development and the state of the environment. It analyzes the sensitivity of the curve’s course and its implementation in time intervals to various aspects of social and economic policy. It also discusses the importance of the Pareto principle in shaping the market through such instruments as taxes
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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