127,078 research outputs found
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
No full textThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
No full textWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
Software and example data for error grid analysis
No full textSupplement of the article
Grothe O, Kaplan A, Kouz K, Saugel B. "Computer program for error grid analysis in arterial blood pressure method comparison studies"
to provide the error grid analysis suggested in
Saugel B, Grothe O, Nicklas JY. "Error Grid Analysis for Arterial Pressure Method Comparison Studies. Anesthesia and analgesia 2018;126:1177-85.Detailed information for usage is provided in the article
Spectroscopic Studies on Nitric Acid Hydrates
No full textMixtures of nitric acid hydrates and water ice are important constituents of solid Cirrus cloud particles. Due to the phase diagram only hexagonal ice and nitric acid trihydrate
should have a reasonable thermodynamic stability and are commonly observed. However, a number of metastable modifications might also exist: NAD, -NAT, and cubic ice. The persistence of these metastable compounds remains uncertain and has not
been proofed yet. In the laboratory we have developed a model procedure in order to prepare and investigate
all hydrates and ice mixtures. The investigation methods are X-ray diffraction [1, 2], FTIR spectroscopy [3], Raman spectroscopy [4, 5] and Environmental SEM [6, 7]. Only recently, we have also applied Inelastic Neutron Scattering. The aim was to verify the phase composition by diffraction and to collect the spectroscopic data,
which are needed for interpretation of field measurements and aerosol chamber experiments. Here, the morphology of the particles has to be considered, since it can have an important impact on the respective extinction spectra.
[1] H. Tizek, E. Knözinger, H. Grothe, PCCP 4 (2002), 5128.
[2] H. Tizek, E. Knözinger, H. Grothe, PCCP 6 (2004), 972.
[3] H. Grothe, C.E. Lund Myhre, H. Tizek, Vibr. Spectr. 34 (2004), 55.
[4] H. Grothe, C.E. Lund Myhre, C.J. Nielsen, JPC A 110 (2006), 110, 171.
[5] R. Escribano, D. Fernández-Torre, V. Herrero, B. Martín-Llorente, B. Maté, I.
Ortega, H. Grothe, Vibr. Spectr. 43 (2007), 254.
[6] H. Grothe, H. Tizek, D Waller, D Stokes, PCCP 8 (2006), 2232.
[7] H. Grothe, H. Tizek and I. K. Ortega, Faraday Discussion 137 (2008) 223
Software and example data for error grid analysis
No full textSupplement of the article
Grothe O, Kaplan A, Kouz K, Saugel B. "Computer program for error grid analysis in arterial blood pressure method comparison studies"
to provide the error grid analysis suggested in
Saugel B, Grothe O, Nicklas JY. "Error Grid Analysis for Arterial Pressure Method Comparison Studies. Anesthesia and analgesia 2018;126:1177-85
Interaction of excitation and inhibition in processing of pure tone and amplitude-modulated stimuli in the medial superior olive of the mustached bat
No full text 1. In mammals with good low-frequency hearing, the medial superior olive (MSO) processes interaural time or phase differences that are important cues for sound localization. Its cells receive excitatory projections from both cochlear nuclei and are thought to function as coincidence detectors. The response patterns of MSO neurons in most mammals are predominantly sustained. In contrast, the MSO in the mustached bat is a monaural nucleus containing neurons with phasic discharge patterns. These neurons receive projections from the contralateral anteroventral cochlear nucleus (AVCN) and the ipsilateral medial nucleus of the trapezoid body (MNTB). 2. To further investigate the role of the MSO in the bat, the responses of 252 single units in the MSO to pure tones and sinusoidal amplitude-modulated (SAM) stimuli were recorded. The results confirmed that the MSO in the mustached bat is tonotopically organized, with low frequencies in the dorsal part and high frequencies in the ventral part. The 61-kHz region is overrepresented. Most neurons tested (88%) were monaural and discharged only in response to contralateral stimuli. Their response could not be influenced by stimulation of the ipsilateral ear. 3. Only 11% of all MSO neurons were spontaneously active. In these neurons the spontaneous discharge rate was suppressed during the stimulus presentation. 4. The majority of cells (85%) responded with a phasic discharge pattern. About one-half (51%) responded with a level-independent phasic ON response. Other phasic response patterns included phasic OFF or phasic ON-OFF, depending on the stimulus frequency. Neurons with ON-OFF discharge patterns were most common in the 61-kHz region and absent in the high-frequency region. 5. Double tone experiments showed that at short intertone intervals the ON response to the second stimulus or the OFF response to the first stimulus was inhibited. 6. In neuropharmacological experiments, glycine applied to MSO neurons (n = 71) inhibited any tone-evoked response. In the presence of the glycine antagonist strychnine the response patterns changed from phasic to sustained (n = 35) and the neurons responded to both tones presented in double tone experiments independent of the intertone interval (n = 5). The effects of strychnine were reversible. 7. Twenty of 21 neurons tested with sinusoidally amplitude-modulated (SAM) signals exhibited low-pass or band-pass filter characteristics. Tests with SAM signals also revealed a weak temporal summation of inhibition in 13 of the 21 cells tested.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) </jats:p
The Mammalian Interaural Time Difference Detection Circuit Is Differentially Controlled by GABAB Receptors during Development
No full textThroughout development GABAB receptors (GABABRs) are widely expressed in the mammalian brain. In mature auditory brainstem neurons, GABABRs are involved in the short-term regulation of the strength and dynamics of excitatory and inhibitory inputs, thus modulating sound analysis. During development, GABABRs also contribute to long-term changes in input strength. Using a combination of whole-cell patch-clamp recordings in acute brain slices and immunostainings in gerbils, we characterized developmental changes in GABABR-mediated regulation of synaptic inputs to neurons in the medial superior olive (MSO), an auditory brainstem nucleus that analyzes interaural time differences (ITDs). Here, we show that, before hearing onset, GABABR-mediated depression of transmitter release is much stronger for excitation than inhibition, whereas in mature animals GABABRs mainly control the inhibition. During the same developmental period, GABABR immunoreactivity shifts from the dendritic to the somatic region of the MSO. Furthermore, only before hearing onset (postnatal day 12), stimulation of the fibers originating in the medial and the lateral nucleus of the trapezoid body (MNTB and LNTB) activates GABABRs on both the inhibitory and the excitatory inputs. After hearing onset, GAD65-positive endings devoid of glycine transporter reactivity suggest GABA release from sources other than the MNTB and LNTB. At this age, pharmacological increase of spontaneous synaptic release activates GABABRs only on the inhibitory inputs. This indicates not only a profound inhibitory effect of GABABRs on the major inputs to MSO neurons in neonatal animals but also a direct modulatory role of GABABRs for ITD analysis in the MSO of adult animals
Metastable nitric acid hydrates - PSC constituents
No full textNitric acid hydrates are important constituents of solid PSC and Cirrus cloud particles.
Due to the phase diagram only hexagonal ice and nitric acid trihydrate have a reasonable
thermodynamic stability and are commonly observed in the stratosphere. Besides,
also a number of metastable modifications might exist: -NAD, -NAD, -NAT, NAP
and cubic ice. The existence of these metastable compounds remains uncertain and has
not been proofed yet.
In the laboratory we have developed a model procedure in order to prepare and investigate
all hydrates as pure phases. The investigation methods are X-ray diffraction
[1], [2], FTIR spectroscopy [3], Raman spectroscopy [4] and Environmental SEM [5].
The aim is to verify the phase composition by diffraction and collect the spectroscopic
data of the respective phases, which are needed for interpretation of field measurements
and aerosol chamber experiments. Here, the morphology of the particles has to
be considered since it has an important impact on the respective extinction spectra.
Particular interest has been directed towards the modifications of NAD, which have
been discriminated for the first time by spectroscopic methods. The morphologies of
NAD particles have been recorded by ESEM and the respective extinction spectra
have been determined by T-matrix calculations. Beside the mid-IR region, where normal
vibrations have been assigned, we have also focused on the low-frequency region
below 200 cm−1 where phonon bands are observed by Raman spectroscopy. These
intermolecular vibrations are closely connected to the symmetry and structure of the
unit cell of a hydrate crystal [6]. Thus, a distinction between the phases becomes easily
accessible.
[1] H. Tizek, E. Knözinger, H. Grothe, PCCP 4 (2002), 5128.
[2] H. Tizek, E. Knözinger, H. Grothe, PCCP 6 (2004), 972.
[3] H. Grothe, C.E. Lund Myhre, H. Tizek, Vibr. Spectr. 34 (2004), 55.
[4] H. Grothe, C.E. Lund Myhre, C.J. Nielsen, JPC A 110 (2006), 110, 171.
[5] H. Grothe, H. Tizek, D Waller, D Stokes, PCCP 8 (2006), 2232.
[6] R. Escribano, D. Fernández-Torre, V. Herrero, B. Martín-Llorente, B. Maté, I.
Ortega, H. Grothe, Vibr. Spectr. 43 (2007), 254
Bilateral inhibition by glycinergic afferents in the medial superior olive
No full text 1. Coincidence-detection of excitatory synaptic potentials has long been considered to be the mechanism by which medial superior olivary (MSO) neurons compute interaural time differences. Here we demonstrate the contribution of synaptic inhibition in this circuit using a gerbil brain slice preparation. 2. Nearly all cells exhibited excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) and action potentials (APs) after stimulation of either the ipsilateral or contralateral afferent pathway. In 44% of cells, the latency of APs depended on stimulus amplitude, exhibiting shifts of 0.25-2 ms. 3. Nearly all neurons (89%) exhibited stimulus-evoked synaptic inhibition. The inhibitory effects were enhanced at greater stimulus amplitudes and were usually able to block synaptically evoked APs. In addition, APs and EPSPs were reversibly blocked by delivering the inhibitory transmitter glycine in almost all tested cells (91%). 4. In the presence of the glycine antagonist strychnine, the effects of synaptic inhibition were suppressed. 5. The stimulus level-dependent inhibitory potentials influenced the probability that an MSO neuron would fire an AP, as well as the precise timing. Therefore, the present results have implications for the processing of interaural time differences by the MSO and at higher auditory centers. </jats:p
Pragmatic Case Studies as a Source of Unity in Applied Psychology
No full textTo unify or not to unify applied psychology: that is the question. In this article we review pendulum swings in the historical efforts to answer this question—from a comprehensive, positivist, “top-down,” deductive yes between the 1930s and the early 60s, to a postmodern no since then. A rationale and proposal for a limited, “bottom-up,” inductive yes in applied psychology is then presented, employing a case-based paradigm that integrates both positivist and postmodern themes and components. This paradigm is labeled “pragmatic psychology” and, its specific use of case studies, the “Pragmatic Case Study Method” (“PCS Method”). We call for the creation of peer-reviewed journal-databases of pragmatic case studies as a foundational source of unifying applied knowledge in our discipline. As one example, the potential of the PCS Method for unifying different angles of theoretical regard is illustrated in an area of applied psychology, psychotherapy, via the case of Mrs. B. The article then turns to the broader historical and epistemological arguments for the unifying nature of the PCS Method in both applied and basic psychology.Peer reviewe
- …
