1,721,487 research outputs found
Evolutionary adaptations to risk of cancer: Evidence from cancer resistance in elephants
No full textParadoxes can be intellectually challenging and illuminating. The eponymous Peto paradox originated approximately 40 years ago when Peto, along with his colleagues Doll and Cairns, highlighted the observation that cancer risk does not appear to scale with size in the animal kingdom.1,2 The underlying premise was that more cell division (to make and sustain a larger animal) along with longer life span might be expected to carry a proportionally greater mutational and malignancy risk
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
A one-centre prospective audit of peri- and postoperative blood loss and transfusion practice in patients undergoing hip or knee replacement surgery.
No full textWe prospectively audited peri-operative blood loss and blood transfusion practice in 42 elderly patients (mean age, 71.8 years, 68% female) undergoing hip or knee surgery in an orthopaedic unit. Only in 57% of all operations was blood loss recorded. Compliance with the Maximum Surgical Blood Ordering Schedule (MSBOS) was variable, and Cross-matching to Transfusion (C/T) ratios were low. In 86% of operations, blood had been issued pre-operatively (average three units, range = 1-61 units). Of these patients, 75% subsequently received a transfusion. In 26% of all the operations, the transfusion, although confirmed by the blood transfusion laboratory records, had not been recorded in the medical or nursing notes. The average pre-operative Hb in the transfusion group was 123 g/l (range, 80-144 g/l) and 112 g/l postoperatively and after a transfusion (range, 75-133 g/l). This compared to the non-transfusion group's value of 124 g/l (range, 86-186 g/l) and 113 g/l (range, 77-147 g/l) postoperatively. The high blood issuing and transfusion rates raise the concern that transfusions are being given in response to habit or blood availability, and not medical indications. This would imply that some patients are exposed to unnecessary risks. Furthermore, inadequate documentation of the transfusion process opens the medical profession to criticism and medical, legal and ethical complications regarding patient care. Positive improvements suggested by regular medical audit may help address these problems
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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