104,480 research outputs found
T Cell Differentiation and Function in Tissue Inflammation
No full textHelper T cells play a critical role in the induction of tissue inflammation in immunity and autoimmunity. Various subsets of T cells such as Th1, Th2, Th9 and Th17 cells have been shown to play a key role in the induction of tissue inflammation in allergic and organ-specific autoimmune inflammation. On the other hand, regulatory cells such as Foxp3+Tregs and Tr1 cells are essential to control functions of effector T cells and maintain tissue homeostasis. Distinct transcriptional and molecular pathways have been identified for the generation of various effector and regulatory T cells. Emerging molecular signatures of these effectors and of regulatory T cells indicate plasticity in their developmental pathways, which is dictated by the tissue microenvironment and by other factors including cytokines and transcription factors
T Cell Differentiation and Function in Tissue Inflammation
No full textHelper T cells play a critical role in the induction of tissue inflammation in immunity and autoimmunity. Various subsets of T cells such as Th1, Th2, Th9 and Th17 cells have been shown to play a key role in the induction of tissue inflammation in allergic and organ-specific autoimmune inflammation. On the other hand, regulatory cells such as Foxp3+Tregs and Tr1 cells are essential to control functions of effector T cells and maintain tissue homeostasis. Distinct transcriptional and molecular pathways have been identified for the generation of various effector and regulatory T cells. Emerging molecular signatures of these effectors and of regulatory T cells indicate plasticity in their developmental pathways, which is dictated by the tissue microenvironment and by other factors including cytokines and transcription factors
Orthographic influences, vocabulary development and phonological awareness in deaf children who use cochlear implants
No full textIn the current study, we explore the influence of orthographic knowledge on phonological awareness in children with cochlear implants and compare developmental associations to those found for hearing children matched for word reading level or chronological age. We show an influence of orthographic knowledge on syllable and phoneme awareness in deaf and hearing children, but no orthographic effect on rhyme awareness. Nonorthographic rhyme awareness was a significant predictor of reading outcomes for all groups. However, whereas receptive vocabulary knowledge was the most important predictor of word reading variance in the cochlear implant group, rhyme awareness was the only important predictor of word reading variance in the reading level matched hearing group. Both vocabulary and rhyme awareness were equally important in predicting reading in the chronological age-matched hearing group. The data suggest that both deaf and hearing children are influenced by orthography when making phonological judgments, and that phonological awareness and vocabulary are both important for reading developmen
Letter, [Author unclear] to Paulina T. Merritt
No full textHandwritten letter to Paulina Merritt from an unknown author, October 1, 1876.
Multiscale interaction with topography and extreme rainfall events in the northeast Indian region
No full textFlash floods associated with extreme rain events are a major hydrological disaster in the northeast Indian (NEI) region because of the unique topographic features of the region as well as increased frequency of occurrence of such events. Knowledge of the spatiotemporal distribution of these events in the region and an understanding of the factors responsible for them, therefore, would be immensely useful for appropriate disaster preparedness. Using daily rainfall data from 15 stations over the region for 32 years (1975-2006), it is shown that the frequency of occurrence of these events is largest not during the premonsoon thunderstorm season but during the peak monsoon months (June-July-August). This fact together with the fact that most of these events occur during long rainy spells indicate that the extreme events in the NEI region largely occur in association with the monsoon synoptic events rather than isolated thunderstorms. We also find that the aggregate of extreme rain events over the region has a significant decreasing trend in contrast to a recent finding of an increasing trend of such events in central India (Goswami et al., 2006). This decreasing trend of extreme events is consistent with observed decreasing trend in convective available potential energy and increasing convective inhibition energy over the region for the mentioned period. Examination of the structure of convection associated with the extreme rain events in the region indicates that they occur through a multiscale interaction of circulation with the local topography. It is found that at all the stations, the events are associated with a mesoscale structure of convection that is embedded in a much larger scale convective organization. We identify that this large-scale organization is a manifestation of certain phases of the tropical convergence zone associated with the northward propagating active-break phases of the summer monsoon intraseasonal oscillation. Further, it is shown that the mesoscale circulation interacting with the local topography generates southward propagating gravity waves with diurnal period. The strong updrafts associated with the gravity waves within the mesoscale organization leads to very deep convective events and the extreme rainfall. The insights provided by our study would be useful when designing models to improve the prediction of extreme events
Magnetic field compatible circuit quantum electrodynamics with graphene Josephson junctions
No full textCircuit quantum electrodynamics has proven to be a powerful tool to probe mesoscopic effects in hybrid systems and is used in several quantum computing (QC) proposals that require a transmon qubit able to operate in strong magnetic fields. To address this we integrate monolayer graphene Josephson junctions into microwave frequency superconducting circuits to create graphene based transmons. Using dispersive microwave spectroscopy we resolve graphene's characteristic band dispersion and observe coherent electronic interference effects confirming the ballistic nature of our graphene Josephson junctions. We show that the monoatomic thickness of graphene renders the device insensitive to an applied magnetic field, allowing us to perform energy level spectroscopy of the circuit in a parallel magnetic field of 1 T, an order of magnitude higher than previous studies. These results establish graphene based superconducting circuits as a promising platform for QC and the study of mesoscopic quantum effects that appear in strong magnetic fields.QRD/Kouwenhoven LabApplied SciencesQRD/Goswami La
Handwritten biographical information on Paulina T. McClung Merritt
No full textA handwritten biography of Paulina T. McClung Merritt by an unknown author, 1892.
Heterogeneous and tissue-specific regulation of effector T cell responses by IFN-gamma during Plasmodium berghei ANKA infection.
No full textIFN-γ and T cells are both required for the development of experimental cerebral malaria during Plasmodium berghei ANKA infection. Surprisingly, however, the role of IFN-γ in shaping the effector CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell response during this infection has not been examined in detail. To address this, we have compared the effector T cell responses in wild-type and IFN-γ(-/-) mice during P. berghei ANKA infection. The expansion of splenic CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells during P. berghei ANKA infection was unaffected by the absence of IFN-γ, but the contraction phase of the T cell response was significantly attenuated. Splenic T cell activation and effector function were essentially normal in IFN-γ(-/-) mice; however, the migration to, and accumulation of, effector CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells in the lung, liver, and brain was altered in IFN-γ(-/-) mice. Interestingly, activation and accumulation of T cells in various nonlymphoid organs was differently affected by lack of IFN-γ, suggesting that IFN-γ influences T cell effector function to varying levels in different anatomical locations. Importantly, control of splenic T cell numbers during P. berghei ANKA infection depended on active IFN-γ-dependent environmental signals--leading to T cell apoptosis--rather than upon intrinsic alterations in T cell programming. To our knowledge, this is the first study to fully investigate the role of IFN-γ in modulating T cell function during P. berghei ANKA infection and reveals that IFN-γ is required for efficient contraction of the pool of activated T cells
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
No full textWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
Evaluación del rendimiento térmico de un ciclo Goswami que opera con dos presiones de trabajo y fuentes de calor de baja temperatura (T < 150°C) obtenidas a partir de colectores solares evacuados
No full textEl ciclo Goswami es un ciclo de producción de potencia (mecánica o electricidad) y frío
el cual combina un ciclo Rankine con un ciclo de refrigeración por absorción. El ciclo provee la
generación de potencia como objetivo primario y la refrigeración como objetivo secundario
mediante el uso de una mezcla binaria amoniaco – agua como fluido de trabajo. Altas
concentraciones de amoniaco – agua son usadas en la turbina y expandidas hasta bajas
temperaturas sin condensación.
El ciclo Goswami presenta ciertas ventajas en comparación con otros ciclos como el ORC
y el ciclo Kalina, desde su configuración hasta en el uso del amoniaco – agua como fluido de
trabajo, por ejemplo, el amoniaco es relativamente barato y una sustancia ambientalmente
segura, por su peso molecular muy similar al del agua, el diseño tradicional de turbinas a vapor
puede ser usado en ciclos de potencia amoniaco –agua con modificaciones menores, además, su
punto de ebullición es más bajo que el del agua, lo cual lo hace prácticamente muy útil para ser
usado en sistemas de generación de potencia con calor residual de baja temperatura.
Aunque el ciclo Goswami ha sido estudiado por diferentes autores, variaciones en la
configuración del ciclo original han mostrado mejoras sobre la eficiencia.
En la presente investigación se propone el estudio de los parámetros operativos: presiones
de evaporación, temperatura de fuente y temperatura de rectificación sobre la potencia generada,
calor de enfriamiento y eficiencia efectiva de primera ley en un ciclo Goswami modificado que
opera con dos presiones de trabajo y fuentes de calor de baja temperatura (T < 150°C).The Goswami cycle is a power (mechanical or electrical) and cooling generation that
combine a Rankine cycle with an absorption refrigeration cycle. The cycle provides the
generation of power as a primary objective and the refrigeration as secondary objective through
the use of a binary ammonia - water mixture as a working fluid. High concentrations of ammonia
– water mixture are used in the turbine and expanded to low temperatures without condensation.
The Goswami cycle has certain advantages compared to other cycles such as the ORC
cycle and Kalina cycle, from their configuration to the use of ammonia – water mixture as
working fluid, for example, ammonia is relatively inexpensive and an environmentally safe
substance, due to its molecular weight very similar to that of water, the traditional design of
steam turbines can be used in ammonia power cycles - water with minor modifications, in
addition, its boiling point is lower that of water, which makes it practically very useful to be used
in power generation systems with low temperature residual heat.
Although the Goswami cycle has been studied by different authors, variations in the
original cycle configuration have shown improvements in efficiency.
In the present investigation the study of the operative parameters is proposed: evaporation
pressures, temperature of source and temperature of rectification on the generated power, heat of
cooling and effective efficiency of first law in a modified Goswami cycle that operates with two
pressures of work and low temperature heat sources (T < 150°C)
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