1,721,084 research outputs found
Challenges in Microbial Fuel Cell and Future Scope
No full textThe imminent energy crisis due to reserved fossil fuel and global warming due to greenhouse gas emission warrant the necessity for environmentally friendly sources of energy. Fossil fuels adversely affect the nature due to the release of CO2 into the environment (Venkata Mohan et al. 2011; Venkateswar Reddy et al. 2011a; Kadier et al. 2016a, b). Hence the consumption of fossil fuels based energy sources has harshly threatened human life through its drastic consequences, such as global warming and environmental pollution. As a result, in the present global energy scenario, searching for other energy resources is necessary (Kadier et al. 2015; Chandrasekhar et al. 2015a; Venkata Mohan and Pandey 2013). Last few years, several researchers around the world have made remarkable efforts to find a solution for this energy crisis (Venkata Mohan et al. 2013). In this scenario, fuel cells are a unique addition to the list of alternative energy sources having a negligible CO2 emission. Production of electricity using microorganisms was firstly reported early in the last century (Potter 1911). Microbial fuel cell (MFC) have been considered as a bio-based reactor that modifies the chemical energy of substrate into electrical energy through biocatalytic action of exoelectrogenic microorganisms under anaerobic circumstances over sequences of metabolic reactions (Kondaveeti and Min 2015; Chandrasekhar et al. 2015b). MFC technology signifies an innovative approach of using microorganisms for bioelectricity generation by the oxidation of organic substrate varied from the synthetic substrate such as acetate, glucose to a complex mixture of the organic substrate including food, dairy, distillery, animal and domestic wastewater. In recent years, MFC technology has been developing as one of the popular wastewater treatment based technology to deliver clean water and green energy (Venkata Mohan and Chandrasekhar 2011a, b; Pant et al. 2012; Pandit et al. 2012a, b; Chandrasekhar et al. 2015b). These MFCs overtook other conventional technologies such as an aerated lagoon and anaerobic digester (Logan 2008). Unlike traditional fuel cells, one step conversion of carbon-rich organic waste as a potential substrate to generate bioelectricity in MFCs ensures better conversion capability. MFCs can evade extra gas treatment process due to its CO2 rich off-gas. Moreover, single chambered or open-air cathode MFCs do not need any external energy input. Hence, it can be advantageous for extensive application in locations lacking electrical amenities (Stams et al. 2006). This chapter stretches an account of the basic principles involved in the working of MFCs and the key applications, challenges and future scope of MFC technology, as it stands today
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Influence of Nanoparticles and Media composition on Microalgal growth towards Environmental Remediation
Full text linkScenedesmus sp. is one type of freshwater microalgae widely studied due to its robustness and versatility in growth, high nutrient removal and lipid production, making it a potential candidate as a renewable energy source and wastewater remediation. This helps with the increasing world population and energy demand.
Scenedesmus sp was used in a ten-day bioremediation study on various wastewater (WW): Dissolved air flotation (DAF) and Sequencing Batch Reactors (SBR) effluent, and offshore Produced water (PW), mixed with Bold’s base medium (BBM) into five dilutions: Control (BBM only), 25 50, 75 and 100% of WW. Scenedesmus sp. grew in all WW with some variation in biomass production and nutrient removal efficiency (RE). Growing in SBR WW resulted in optimal conditions with the highest biomass produced and highest Total Nitrogen (TN) RE of more than 76% despite competitive results from DAF WW. Diluting 75% of SBR WW with BBM showed the most optimal dilution condition, attaining a decent TN and the highest Total Phosphorous (TP) RE of 76.3% and 82.4%. Using only 25% or 100% of SBR is not recommended due to being less cost-effective and being subjected to nitrogen limitation conditions at high WW volume.
Adding metal nanoparticles (NP) in low dosage demonstrated positive outcomes but inhibition at high concentrations. 75% SBR dilution was chosen for the addition of eight Fe3O4 NP concentrations: Control (without NP), 1, 2.5, 5, 10, 25, 50 and 100 mg/l of NP. Results showed improved biomass production and nutrient RE and extreme tolerance toward Fe3O4. The addition of 2.5mg/l NP resulted in the highest biomass of 3129.6mg/l and the highest TN and TP RE of 89% and 94%, respectively, meeting the nutrient RE requirement from the European Union (EU) regulations. Observation can also conclude that increasing NP concentration decreases growth and biomass production but increases nutrient RE.
The synergy in biofuel production with WW remediation achieved waste and pollutant reduction with energy recovery, promoting sustainable economics. Furthermore, NP-induced stress contributes to biogas production improvement. This was examined with the four biomass produced: Control (without NP), 2.5, 25 and 100mg/l of NP. The addition of 2.5 and 25mg/l of NP resulted in an improvement of 25% more biogas production but a 13% reduction in the presence of 100mg/l of NP. Overall, all samples produced more than 74 % methane content.
In conclusion, adding 2.5 mg/l of Fe3O4 NP to Scenedesmus sp. cultivation in SBR WW resulted in optimal biomass production, nutrient removal, and improvement in biogas production
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
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