6,477 research outputs found
A Bíblia da farmacologia e os antidepressivos: análise do livro texto de Goodman e Gilman - as bases farmacológicas da terapêutica de 1941 a 2006
No full textTese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Humanas, Florianópolis, 2010Se a dor e o sofrimento são inerentes à condição humana, a forma como lidamos com essas condições tem sido diversa em diferentes contextos socioculturais e históricos. O uso de medicamentos chamados antidepressivos para tratar situações relacionadas à tristeza com sintomas que caracterizam sofrimento físico e psíquico é uma estratégia terapêutica na biomedicina desde o surgimento dessas drogas. O uso abusivo desses medicamentos tem sido questionado. Estão sendo levantadas questões como a redução do sofrimento a aspectos puramente biológicos, excluindo desse modo uma abordagem compreensiva de problemas de saúde que não estariam restritos apenas à intervenção em alterações bioquímicas endógenas. O objetivo deste estudo é conhecer o modo como a armacologia e os medicamentos antidepressivos foram apresentados a profissionais e estudantes de medicina ao longo da segunda metade do século XX e analisar quais as estratégias argumentativas utilizadas para justificar o uso dessas drogas a partir do discurso científico. Para atingir esse objetivo, foram analisadas as diferentes edições do principal livro-texto de farmacologia, utilizado no século XX em diferentes países como modo de divulgação do conhecimento científico: o livro Goodman e Gilman: as bases farmacológicas da terapêutica, conhecido como a #bíblia da farmacologia#. Inicialmente foi feita uma abordagem dos quadros relacionados à depressão, categoria médica que deu origem aos #antidepressivos#, a partir da melancolia nos primórdios da biomedicina. Foram abordados textos de médicos como Pinel, Esquirol e Dagonet, do início do período em que #nasce# a medicina moderna, a segunda metade do século XVIII e o século XIX, com uma breve passagem pelo início do século XX, quando surgem os trabalhos de autores como Kraepelin e Freud, trazendo a questão da imprecisão dos diagnósticos médicos na área do sofrimento psíquico. Os livros-texto de Goodman e Gilman, desde sua 1ª edição (em 1941) até a 11ª edição (em 2006), foram analisados a partir de uma perspectiva histórica, utilizando como estratégia metodológica a análise de discurso. Buscou-se identificar questões que influenciaram tanto o desenvolvimento da farmacologia quanto o desenvolvimento dos medicamentos chamados antidepressivos. A partir da análise dos textos, pode-se concluir que: existe dificuldade para especificar as situações em que os antidepressivos são utilizados, por causa das incertezas do iagnóstico clínico; as tentativas realizadas a partir do conhecimento farmacológico para estabelecer uma relação causal entre diferentes substâncias endógenas e os sintomas clínicos não são comprovadas até a última edição do livro-texto; os avanços na área do conhecimento técnico-científico no sentido de controle dos sintomas têm obtido um êxito relativo (pelo menos em curto prazo, como, por exemplo, no controle dos efeitos colaterais e na facilidade de administração dos medicamentos), sendo esse um aspecto que tem dado força à expansão do uso dos antidepressivos; esses medicamentos, inicialmente utilizados para tratar sintomas depressivos (no sentido de pouca ou baixa atividade corporal) vêm tendo seu uso ampliado progressivamente para situações que não estão relacionadas aos sintomas que inicialmente lhes deram esse nome (antidepressivos); o desenvolvimento das pesquisas em farmacologia está vinculado a saberes e práticas de outras áreas do conhecimento, que, por sua vez, determinam o desenvolvimento de medicamentos; e, por fim, a industria farmacêutica está ligada ao desenvolvimento da farmacologia desde os primórdios desta.If pain and suffering are inherent to the human condition, the manner in which we deal with such conditions has been diverse in different sociocultural and historical contexts. The use of antidepressive medication to cure conditions related to sadness, which can demonstrate symptoms characterized by physical and psychic suffering, is a biomedicinal therapeutic strategy used since the emergence of such drugs. The abuse of such medication has become highly questioned. Inquiries have surfaced in relation to the reduction of suffering to purely biological aspects, thereby excluding a comprehensive approach of health problems that would not be solely restricted to an intervention of endogenous biochemical alterations. The aim of this study is to identify how pharmacology and the antidepressant drugs were introduced to physicians and medical students in the second half of XX century and to analyze which argumentative strategies are utilized in justifying the use of such drugs via scientific discourse. In order to achieve this aim, we have analyzed the different editions of the primary textbook of pharmacology, used in various countries during the XX century as a means of disseminating scientific knowledge: Goodman and Gilman: The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, the commonly recognized #bible of Pharmacology#. Initially examined are the clinical conditions related to depression, a medical category that gave origin to #antidepressants#, by means of melancholia in the early days of biomedicine. Analyzed were texts from doctors such as Pinel, Esquirol, and Dagonet from earlier periods, in which modern medicine was #born#, the second half of the XVIII century, the XIX century, and a brief passage through the beginning of the XX century, when works from such authors as Kraeplin and Freud brought forth questions regarding the imprecision of medical diagnosis in the area of psychological distress. Goodman and Gilman#s textbooks, from the first edition (in 1941) through the eleventh edition (in 2006), have been analyzed from a historical perspective, using discourse analysis as a methodological strategy. We tried to identify issues that influenced both the development of knowledge in the area of pharmacology as well as the development of such medications labeled antidepressants. From the analysis of texts, one can conclude that: difficulties exist when specifying the situations in which the antidepressants are utilized, via the uncertainties of clinical diagnosis; the attempts, from de pharmacological knowledge, to establish a causal relationship between various endogenous substances and clinical symptoms are not supported in any of the textbook editions; the advances in the field of technicalscientific knowledge in order to control the symptoms have obtained a relative amount of success (at least short-term, for example, in the control of side effects and in the ease of administering medication), this being one aspect that has given strength to the expansion of antidepressants being used; these drugs, originally used to treat depressive symptoms (in the sense of little or low body activity), have had their use extended progressively to situations that are not related to the symptoms that initially gave them that name (antidepressants); the development of research in pharmacology is linked to understandings and practices from other areas of knowledge, which in turn determine the development of such drugs as antidepressants; and finally, that the pharmaceutical industry is associated to the development of pharmacology since its inception
Interactively using Semantic Web knowledge: Creating scalable abstractions with FacetOntology
No full textThe amount of knowledge accessible on the Semantic Web is growing, and there is a need for a scalable solution to facilitate exploring that data. Currently approaches to exploring Semantic Web data either focus on exploring resources individually, following links during exploration, and making little use of collated data, or take the approach of collating and aligning multiple sources into one store for one purpose, and hand-crafting a specific browsing interface onto it. We present an approach that provides a scalable browsing interface, which can browse knowledge from the Semantic Web at will. Our approach creates abstractions of knowledge, collated into facets, which are described using FacetOntology. FacetOntology facilitates describing facets from RDF data, suitable for use in creating datasets for faceted browsing
Growth Morphologies and Mechanisms of Non-Equilibrium Solidified MC Carbide
No full textGrowth morphologies and mechanisms of the carbide of group IVB and VB elements (MC carbide), a typical faceted crystal, were studied with an estimated cooling rate from 102 to 105 K/s. Results showed that although the growth morphologies of the MC carbide vary remarkably with solidification cooling rate, the solid/liquid interface is always atomically smooth, and the growth mechanisms are always lateral growth. The growth mechanism transition from lateral to continuous growth mode, which was predicted by the classic crystal growth theory, was not observed for the TiC type MC carbide within the estimated cooling rate range of 102?105 K/s
Ruth Klüger: la creatività per non “smarrirsi strada facendo”
No full textR. Klüger, a jewish viennese, a US citizen and a germanist, is the Author of two autobiographies “weiter leben”and “unterwegs versore”. Written in a style which alternates between essay and poetry, account and recollection, they are the occasion for the Author to establish a dialogue with the women having as a focus the exchange of experiences and reflections over the status of the feminine emancipation
Eutectic MC Carbide Growth Morphologies of a Laser Clad TiC/FeAl Composite Coating
No full textIn this paper, eutectic MC carbide growth morphology and its evolution with laser scanning speed were studied comprehensively of a laser clad MC carbide reinforced FeAl intermetallic matrix composite coating. As the laser scanning speed increased, the growth morphology of eutectic MC carbide was found to be needle-aligned annulation, butterfly-like and well-developed dendrite
Performance analysis of the MC-CDMA system in frequency selective slow Rayleigh fading channels, DS-CDMA or MC-CDMA?
No full textThis report describes the Bit Error Probability (BEP) performance of Multi-Carrier Code Division Multiple Access (MC-CDMA) system using the RAKE-receiver in frequency selective slow Rayleigh fading channels. The analysis has been carried out by a theoretical approach using the characteristic function method for quadratic form of Gaussian random variables and by computer simulation. The BEP performance of Direct Sequence Code Division Multiple Access (DS-CDMA) system under the same conditions is analysed and compared with the BEP performance of the MC-CDMA system.Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer ScienceTelecommunicatie- en Verkeersbegeleidingssysteme
Dynamics of Network Formation Processes in the Co-Author Model
No full textThis article studies the dynamics in the formation processes of a mutual consent network in game theory setting: the Co-Author Model. In this article, a limited observation is applied and analytical results are derived. Then, 2 parameters are varied: the number of individuals in the network and the initial probability of the links in the network in its initial state. A simulation result shows a finding that is consistent with an analytical result for a state of equilibrium while it also shows different possible equilibria.Dynamics, Network, Game Theory, Model,Simulation, Equilibrium, Complexity
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