1,720,954 research outputs found
A United Nations Peacekeeping Mission Tested to Its Core: UNIFIL on the Verge of Needing an (Even) More Robust Mandate?
No full textPursuant to Art. 1(1) of the Charter of the United Nations, one of the purposes of the United Nations is the maintenance of international peace and security. It was within this objective that the United Nations created the concept of peacekeeping operations amid the Cold War. Following the adoption of Resolution 377(V) (1950) by the United Nations General Assembly, the United Nations Emergency Force in the Suez (UNEF I) was established as the first peacekeeping operation in 1956. The United Nations Security Council followed this precedent in 1960 with Resolution 143 (1960) and the establishment of the United Nations Operations in the Congo (ONUC). These initial operations have been followed by numerous others, one of which is the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL). First established by United Nations Security Council Resolutions 425 and 426 (1978), the mission has been pursuing the objective of restoring international peace and security in the southern part of Lebanon for over four and a half decades, concurrently facilitating the re-establishment of effective Lebanese control over the region. Given the intensification of hostilities between the Israel Defense Forces and Hezbollah in Lebanon in late 2024, UNIFIL has once again been placed in a challenging position. Given these recent developments, the question arises whether the mandate of UNIFIL should be amended to a peacekeeping operation pursuant to Chapter VII of the UN Charter and further if it should be empowered to use force proactively, meaning offensive use of force – i.e., departing from the inherent defensive nature of peacekeeping operations. The essay argues that UNIFIL would be better placed to attain the objectives of its mandate by maintaining a neutral position in the region, thus refraining from an amendment of the mandate pursuant to Chapter VII of the UN Charter and the proactive application of force
The legal status of the embryo in international human rights law : a comparative analysis
No full textDas Leben stellt eines der höchsten Güter dar, welches durch das Recht geschützt werden kann. Diese Aussage trifft gleichermaßen und insbesondere auf das noch ungeborene Leben zu. Der medizinische Fortschritt bedingt indes, dass in dieses Leben zunehmend intensiver und in irreversiblerem Umfang eingegriffen werden kann. In diesem Kontext sind insbesondere Abtreibungen, IVF-Fertilisationen sowie Genome Editing zu nennen. Mit diesen Eingriffen in das Leben des Embryos sind nicht nur medizinische und ethische Fragen verbunden, sondern auch rechtliche. Dabei stellt sich die Frage, ob der Embryo bereits als Mensch und als Träger von Rechten, insbesondere Menschenrechten, zu betrachten ist. Die vorliegende Diplomarbeit widmet sich der rechtlichen Stellung des Embryos im Kontext internationaler Menschenrechtskonventionen. Im Rahmen dieser Untersuchung werden ausgewählte internationale und regionale Menschenrechtsabkommen einer Analyse unterzogen. Der Schwerpunkt wird auf das in den jeweiligen Konventionen integrierte Recht auf Leben gelegt. Dies kann darauf zurückgeführt werden, dass das Recht auf Leben eines der fundamentalsten Menschenrechte darstellt und im Falle des Zuspruches eines Schutzes dem Embryo weitere Menschenrechte und Rechte als solche zugesprochen werden können. Auf internationaler Ebene wird neben der Allgemeinen Erklärung der Menschenrechte (AEMR), der Internationale Pakt über bürgerliche und politische Rechte (ICCPR) sowie die UN-Kinderrechtskonvention (UN-KRK) untersucht. Hinzukommen folgende regionale Menschenrechtsabkommen: die Europäische Menschenrechtskonvention (EMRK), die Amerikanische Menschenrechtskonvention (ACHR) und die Afrikanische Charta der Menschenrechte und der Rechte der Völker (ACHPR). Ziel ist die Ableitung von Rückschlüssen bezüglich der rechtlichen Beurteilung des Embryos und die ihm zustehenden Menschenrechte bzw. Rechte.The protection of life, in particular the unborn, is one of the most fundamental principles that can be enshrined in law. However, the advent of medical progress has the potential to alter the nature of this protection, allowing interventions to be carried out on embryos in increasingly intense and irreversible ways, as illustrated by cases such as abortion, IVF fertilisations and genome editing. Such interventions raise a plethora of complex medical, ethical and legal questions, and the extent to which they can be justified is a matter of ongoing debate. This prompts the question of whether the embryo should be regarded as a human being and a holder of rights, in particular of human rights.This thesis is dedicated to the legal status of the embryo in the context of international human rights conventions. In order to gain insight into the matter, selected international and regional human rights conventions are analysed. Particular emphasis is placed on the right to life, which is incorporated within respective conventions. This focus can be attributed to the fact that the right to life is regarded as one of the most fundamental human rights and, should this right be bestowed upon the embryo, other human rights and rights themselves can in addition be conferred upon unborn life. In the context of international human rights conventions, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) and the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (UN-CRC) are subjected to analysis. On the regional level reference is made to the following human rights conventions: the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), the American Convention on Human Rights (ACHR) and the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights (ACHPR). The objective is to ascertain the legal implications of the embryo and its entitlements with regard to human rights.vorgelegt von Natascha GojkovicDiplomarbeit Universität Graz 202
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
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