1,720,957 research outputs found
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Voies d'infections microbiennes et priming immunitaire chez un insecte : effets du stade de développement et du sexe
No full textImmune priming is a phenomenon observed in many invertebrates which refers to a sustained increase in an individual's immunocompetence following an initial non-lethal contact with a pathogen, thereby increasing its chances of surviving a second infection. As this phenomenon can be pathogen-specific, immune priming should be particularly advantageous for individuals at high risk of reinfection by the same pathogens. This risk could depend in particular on the effectiveness of the individual's immune system, which varies according to their stage of development and sex. However, this aspect of immune priming remains little studied. In this context, the infection route could play a key role in the evolution of immune priming, given that a septic infection does not necessarily involve the same host-pathogen interactions as an oral infection.The aim of this thesis was to study the modalities and consequences of immune priming in the mealworm beetle, Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae), in particular by testing the possibility of oral infection, which has been little studied in this species. Our experiments revealed that the environment of T. molitor was not very conducive to the persistence of entomopathogenic bacteria, but that individuals killed by infection could constitute infectious reservoirs favouring the spread of these pathogens. The immune priming itself only proved beneficial in the case of a first septic infection in adults, which may be explained by the high prevalence of body injuries in this stage. However, an oral infection can also protect adults from a second septic infection over a very short period of time. Furthermore, even in the absence of priming, larvae appear to be able to limit the deleterious effects of a septic or oral infection via several behavioural and physiological mechanisms. These results provide new insights into the evolution of immune priming, and more generally, host-pathogen interactions in T. molitor.Le priming immunitaire est un phénomène observé chez de nombreux invertébrés, qui désigne l’élévation durable de l’immunocompétence d’un individu suite à un premier contact non-létal avec un pathogène, ce qui augmente ses chances de survie à une seconde infection. Ce phénomène peut notamment être pathogène-spécifique. Par conséquent, le priming immunitaire devrait être particulièrement avantageux pour les individus soumis à un haut risque de réinfection par les mêmes pathogènes. Ce risque pourrait notamment dépendre de l’efficacité du système immunitaire des individus, qui varie en fonction de leur stade de développement et de leur sexe. Cependant, cet aspect du priming immunitaire reste peu étudié. Dans ce cadre, la voie d’infection pourrait jouer un rôle primordial dans l’évolution du priming immunitaire, étant donné qu’une infection par voie septique n’implique pas forcément les mêmes interactions hôte-pathogène qu’une infection par voie orale.Le but de cette thèse était d’étudier les modalités et les conséquences du priming immunitaire chez le ténébrion meunier, Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae), notamment en testant la possibilité d’infections par voie orale, peu étudiée chez cette espèce. Nos expériences ont révélé que le milieu de vie de T. molitor était peu propice à la persistance de bactéries entomopathogènes, mais que les individus tués par l’infection pouvaient constituer des réservoirs infectieux favorisant la propagation de ces pathogènes. Le priming immunitaire en lui-même ne s’est révélé bénéfique qu’en cas de première infection par voie septique, chez les adultes, ce qui peut s’expliquer par une forte prévalence des blessures corporelles chez ce stade. Cependant, une infection par voie orale peut aussi protéger les adultes d’une seconde infection par voie septique sur un temps très court. En outre, même en l’absence de priming, les larves semblent pouvoir limiter les effets délétères d’une infection par voie septique ou orale, via plusieurs mécanismes comportementaux et physiologiques. Ces résultats apportent de nouveaux éléments dans l’étude de l’évolution du priming immunitaire, et plus généralement, des interactions hôte-pathogène, chez T. molitor
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Voies d'infections microbiennes et priming immunitaire chez un insecte : effets du stade de développement et du sexe
No full textImmune priming is a phenomenon observed in many invertebrates which refers to a sustained increase in an individual's immunocompetence following an initial non-lethal contact with a pathogen, thereby increasing its chances of surviving a second infection. As this phenomenon can be pathogen-specific, immune priming should be particularly advantageous for individuals at high risk of reinfection by the same pathogens. This risk could depend in particular on the effectiveness of the individual's immune system, which varies according to their stage of development and sex. However, this aspect of immune priming remains little studied. In this context, the infection route could play a key role in the evolution of immune priming, given that a septic infection does not necessarily involve the same host-pathogen interactions as an oral infection.The aim of this thesis was to study the modalities and consequences of immune priming in the mealworm beetle, Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae), in particular by testing the possibility of oral infection, which has been little studied in this species. Our experiments revealed that the environment of T. molitor was not very conducive to the persistence of entomopathogenic bacteria, but that individuals killed by infection could constitute infectious reservoirs favouring the spread of these pathogens. The immune priming itself only proved beneficial in the case of a first septic infection in adults, which may be explained by the high prevalence of body injuries in this stage. However, an oral infection can also protect adults from a second septic infection over a very short period of time. Furthermore, even in the absence of priming, larvae appear to be able to limit the deleterious effects of a septic or oral infection via several behavioural and physiological mechanisms. These results provide new insights into the evolution of immune priming, and more generally, host-pathogen interactions in T. molitor.Le priming immunitaire est un phénomène observé chez de nombreux invertébrés, qui désigne l’élévation durable de l’immunocompétence d’un individu suite à un premier contact non-létal avec un pathogène, ce qui augmente ses chances de survie à une seconde infection. Ce phénomène peut notamment être pathogène-spécifique. Par conséquent, le priming immunitaire devrait être particulièrement avantageux pour les individus soumis à un haut risque de réinfection par les mêmes pathogènes. Ce risque pourrait notamment dépendre de l’efficacité du système immunitaire des individus, qui varie en fonction de leur stade de développement et de leur sexe. Cependant, cet aspect du priming immunitaire reste peu étudié. Dans ce cadre, la voie d’infection pourrait jouer un rôle primordial dans l’évolution du priming immunitaire, étant donné qu’une infection par voie septique n’implique pas forcément les mêmes interactions hôte-pathogène qu’une infection par voie orale.Le but de cette thèse était d’étudier les modalités et les conséquences du priming immunitaire chez le ténébrion meunier, Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae), notamment en testant la possibilité d’infections par voie orale, peu étudiée chez cette espèce. Nos expériences ont révélé que le milieu de vie de T. molitor était peu propice à la persistance de bactéries entomopathogènes, mais que les individus tués par l’infection pouvaient constituer des réservoirs infectieux favorisant la propagation de ces pathogènes. Le priming immunitaire en lui-même ne s’est révélé bénéfique qu’en cas de première infection par voie septique, chez les adultes, ce qui peut s’expliquer par une forte prévalence des blessures corporelles chez ce stade. Cependant, une infection par voie orale peut aussi protéger les adultes d’une seconde infection par voie septique sur un temps très court. En outre, même en l’absence de priming, les larves semblent pouvoir limiter les effets délétères d’une infection par voie septique ou orale, via plusieurs mécanismes comportementaux et physiologiques. Ces résultats apportent de nouveaux éléments dans l’étude de l’évolution du priming immunitaire, et plus généralement, des interactions hôte-pathogène, chez T. molitor
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
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