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IDENTIFIKASI DAN KARAKTERISASI AROMA "PRENGUS" ("goaty flavor") SUSU KAMBING SERTA PRODUK OLAHANNYA
Get PDFThe goat's milk is recognized as a high nutrient's product and it has high economical value. One of the problem for utilization of goat's milk is the present of goaty aroma in goat's milk. Many consumers does not like milk with goaty aroma, especially the consumer from food industries. This research was conducted to identify the fatty acids and the intensity of goaty aroma from goat's milk, and cow's milk as a standard.
Goat's milk and cow's milk were prepared as the whole milk, cream and skim. Separation of cream and skim was done by using cream separator. Goat's milk and cow's milk were chemically analyzed (proximate analysis) for the content of water, dry matter, fat, protein, lactose and ash. Furthermore, the content of fatty acids of milk we measured by GC (gas chromatography) and GC-MS (gas chromatography-mass spectrophotometry). Intensity of goaty aroma was determined by sensory analysis using scores from 1 to 5, whereas 1 = not goaty aroma, and 5 = very goaty aroma. Data from chemical analysis and organoleptic/sensory analysis were statistically analyzed.
The proximate analysis indicated that fat content of goat's milk higher than that of cow,s milk, i.e 6.12 and 3.35% respectively, while other nutrients relatively equal. Sensory's test score for goaty aroma of whole goat's milk and goat's milk cream were similar, i.e. 3.96 and 4.12. These score more higher than score of goat's milk skim (2.48). Aroma's score of cow,s milk (whole, cream and skim) exactly lower than that of goat's milk, i.e. 1.12 — 1.20 (not goaty aroma — little goaty aroma). The fatty acids of caprilic, lauric, caproic and capric in goat's milk were higher than that of in the cow's milk, which were more than 50, 10, 2 and 1.5 times,respectively. Conclusion of this study was: (I) Goaty aroma and goaty flavor related to the content of fat and fatty acids from the whole and cream of goats's milk (2) It was suggested that he fatty acids of caprilic and lauric contributed to the goaty aroma of goat's milk.
Further research for reducing the intensity of goaty aroma in goat's milk is important to be done. Several processing method must be performed and the goaty aroma of goat's milk must be evaluated, both before and after processing.
Susu kambing dikenal bergizi tinggi -clan mempunyai nilai ekonomi baik. Salah satu masalah pemanfaatan susu kambing adalah adanya aroma "prengus" yang tidak disukai oleh banyak konsumen, khususnya konsumen dart flak industri pengolahan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi asam-asam lemak dan intensitas aroma "prengus" dart susu kambing, dan dart susu sapi sebagai pembanding.
Susu kambing dan susu sapi dipersiapkan dalam bentuk susu penuh (whole milk), bagian krim dan bagian skim. Pemisahan krim dan skim menggunakan cream separator. Susu kambing dan susu sapi dianalisis kimiawi berupa analisis proksimat untuk kadar air, total bahan padat, kadar lemak, kadar protein, kadar laktosa dan kadar abu. Selanjutnya susu dianalisis kandungan asam-asam lemalcnya dengan metoda kromatografi gas (GC, gas chromatography) dan GC-MS (gas chromatography-mass .spectrophotometry). Intensitas aroma dan flavor "prengus" ditentukan dengan uji organoleptik berdasarkan skoring (1 s/d 5), yaitu 1 = tidak "prengus" dan 5 = sangat "prengus". Data hasil analisis kimiawi dan uji organoleptik dianalisis statistik.
Hasil analisis proksimat menunjukkan bahwa kadar lemak susu kambing lebih tinggi dibanding susu sapi, yaitu masing-masing 6,12% dan 3,35%, sedangkan komponen yang lain relatif sama. Skor uji organoleptik untuk aroma "prengus" susu kambing penult (whole milk) dan bagian krim relatif sama, yaitu 3,96 dan 4,12. Skor tersebut Whitt tinggi dibandingkan shin susu kambing (2,48). Skor aroma susu sapi (whole, krim dan krim) jauh lebih rendah, yaitu pada kisaran 1,12-1,20 (tidak prengus — sedikit "prengus"), dibandingkan susu kambing. Asam lemak kaprilat, laurat, kaproat dan kaprat didalam susu kambing lebih tinggi dibanding asam lemak tersebut didalam susu sapi, yaitu masing-tnasing mencapai 50, 10, 2 dan 1,5 kali. Kesimpulan penelitian ini yaitu: (1) Aroma dan flavor "prengus berkaitan dengan kandungan lemak dan asam lemak susu kambing, baik susu penuh maupun bagiankrim (2) Asam lemak kaprilat dan !aural diduga mempunyai kontribusi bennakna terhadap aroma "prengus" susu kambing.
Penelitian lanjutan untuk mengurangi intensitas aroma "prengus" susu kambing perlu dilakukan. Beberapa metoda pengolahan perlu dicoba dan kemudian dilakukan analisis aroma "prengus" pada susu sebelum dan sesudah diolah
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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