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Avloppsslam som gödselmedel? Om normhierarkier, normkonflikter och principer förlagtolkning
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Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Miljökvalitetsnormer : En rättsvetenskaplig studie i regelteknik för operationalisering av miljömål
No full textThis is a study of legal instruments for the attainment of goals relating to environmental quality and primarily environmental quality standards. The point of departure is the fact that mankind wishes not only to achieve but also to maintain environmental goals. The most comprehensive goal of this kind - fundamental for mankind and accorded international respect - is that of sustainable development. To attain environmental quality goals it is necessary to break these down (operationalise) into subgoals and further subgoals and possible limits for environmental quality, until rules of conduct derived from these goals can be laid down. This study is concerned with the potentials and obstacles imposed by the legal system on the operationalising of environmental quality goals and on managing situations which concern not only society as a whole but also generations to come. Since there are so many different environmental states to control, the conditions of which may vary considerably, this operationalising procedure need to be not only linked to the legal system, but to be reflected in it. This means that a legal operationalisation is mandatory, linking the environmental quality goal ultimately to rights and obligations for individuals (to their substantive legal positions). Environmental quality standards appear directly to reflect the desired environmental condition, they can be linked to legal effect and seem therefore suited to the task as instrument for attaining environmentat goals, The legal theory behind such standards has therefore been of special interest for this study. These standards are used as an alternative but more often as a complement to activity-oriented Iegislation. The use and implementation of environmental quality standard in four different legal systems are described and analysed, namely the United States including both Clean Air Act and Clean Water Act, Japan, the European Union, and Sweden. The success of implementing environmental quality standards seems dependent on the legal obstacles encountered in handling ongoing changes inthe environment or lack of improvements in environmental quality and on transforming these effects into rights and obligations for individuals - a continuous feed-back system making the environment legally relevant. This dissertation not only provides a theory of environmentat quality standards including criteria for such standards, but shows also that environmental quality standards and similar legal techniques can be developed to handle environmental quality even if there is complexity and non-linearity. This category of rules may respond to the need for environmental limits (such as limits for ecosystems and organisms' assimilation and reproduction capacity) to be legally relevant. Finally, a result from this study is an outline of a theory about legal navigation instruments by which the goal of sustainable development should be more manageable.Juridikbok.seCC-BY-NC 4.0</p
Erfarenheter av miljökvalitetsnormer i amerikansk lagstiftning, (Experiences of environmental quality standards in American legislation.)
No full textQuality and speed in Judicial Procedures and Administrative Decision-Making: Environmental Permits in Sweden
No full textEnvironmental legislation and its implementation through administrative decisionmaking and judicial procedures has had a key role in addressing many environmental problems in Sweden. The reduction of industrial pollution particularly from point sources (that is, identifiable pollution sources) is to a great extent attributed to the enforcement of the Environmental Protection Act (Miljöskyddslag) 1969. This Act introduced a general permit system in which the issue of permits was conditional on the applicant using the best available technology. The result is that industry has managed to cut 99 percent of emissions since the 1960s due to new and rebuilt plants using the latest techniques. The Environmental Protection Act was followed by a number of new laws in the 1970s that aimed at further protection for human health and the environment. This meant a patchwork development of environmental legislation as several overlapping duties and procedures were laid out, and this affected both the quality and speed of administrative decision-making in the field. In the late 1980s the government appointed a state commission to analyse the possibility of merging some of this environmental legislation to make regulation less complicated, to centralize its organization and to have a more efficient and seamless permit system. In 1999 the Environmental Code (Miljöbalk) was enacted. It replaced 16 environmental laws and created a more comprehensive regulatory system. The overarching objective of the Code is to promote sustainable development that will ensure a healthy and sound environment for current and future generations. In principle the Code applies to all activities within Swedish territory that may harm the environment or human health. All such activities must be carried out in compliance with general rules of conduct (chapter 2 of the Code) but might also need to be carried out in accordance with special rules of conduct depending on the type of activity (chapter 9-15 of the Code). The general rules of conduct require precautionary measures to be taken, such choosing a location which is likely to cause as little harm as possible to the environment and public health, or using as little energy and raw materials as possible
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