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EFFICACY OF AN IMMUNIZATION PROTOCOL BASED ON AN ATTENUATED SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM VACCINE BOOSTED WITH AN INACTIVATED SALMONELLA CHOLERAESUIS VACCINE IN PIGLETS EXPERIMENTALLY INFECTED WITH S.CHOLERAESUIS
No full textSalmonella Choleraesuis causes a systemic disease in pigs responsible of economic problems for farmers
(Ku et al. 2005). Salmonella Typhimurium is the second important serovar, diagnosed in pig farms and is
the principal responsible of salmonellosis in humans as a consequence of consumption of contaminated pork
products (EFSA Journal, 2010). Vaccination is a decisive tool to control disease in countries with high prevalence
of infection (Wales et al., 2011), unfortunately different serovars affect pigs and the cross-protection
of available vaccines is not completely disclosed (Foss et al., 2013). S.Typhimurium ÎTznuABC is an atten- ˇ
uated vaccine and recently we tested its safety and efficacy in mice and pigs experimentally infected with
virulent S.Typhimurium (Pesciaroli et al. 2011; Gradassi, et al. 2013). The aim of this study is to assess
the efficacy of this attenuated vaccine, in comparison to an inactivated S.Choleraesuis vaccine, in piglets
experimentally infected with S.Choleraesuis. Eighteen piglets were randomly divided in 3 groups. Group A
was orally vaccinated with S.Typhimurium ÎTznuABC and boosted with inactivated S.Choleraesuis vaccine, ˇ
group B was intramuscularly vaccinated with inactivated S.Choleraesuis vaccine and group C was unvaccinated.
All groups were challenged with 5x108 CFU of virulent S.Choleraesuis at day 35 after vaccination.
Animals were weighed at vaccination and before necropsy (day 47 from first vaccination). Tonsils, ileocecal
lymph nodes, spleen, liver, intestinal content of ileum, cecum, colon and jejunum were collected during
necropsy for microbiological analyses and gross lesions of organs were recorded. The results show that vaccination
does not influence the weight gain; furthermore, the synergic action of attenuated vaccine followed
by a boost with inactivated vaccine reduces fever, ileocecal lymph nodes and gut colonization caused by
virulent S.Choleraesuis infection. Antibody titers of vaccinated groups (A and B) were statistically different
from group C, indicating the capability of this new immunizing protocol in providing humoral response.
These findings show that this new immunizing approach is more effective than the homologous inactivated
vaccination protocol in controlling S.Choleraesuis infection
AUTOGENOUS SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM MONOPHASIC VARIANT BACTERIN IS EFFECTIVE IN TWO ENDEMIC FARMS OF THE NORTH OF ITALY
No full textSalmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium monophasic variant (S.T. 1,4,[5],12:i-) is increasingly responsible
of human salmonellosis (EFSA, 2014) and pork represents the first source of infection. Salmonella
can sub-clinically colonize pigs, principally during the finishing phase, and hence being introduced in the
slaughterhouse, contaminating pork products destined to human consumption (Boyen et al., 2008). The
biosecurity activities and management effectively decrease the prevalence in farms. However, other tools
are envisaged for controlling Salmonella in endemic areas. Of these vaccination represents an efficient
solution to decrease the infection in pig farms (Pesciaroli et al., 2013). Live vaccines are more effective
than inactivated ones, inducing a cellular immune response that better enhances the clearance of Salmonella
(Coward et al., 2014). The limitation is represented by the availability of attenuated vaccines whose protection
versus different serovars, frequently diagnosed in pig farms, is not completely disclosed. In this
scenario, immunization with autogenous bacterin could be more effective in endemic Salmonella farrowto-finish
or multisite pig farms (Roesler et al., 2006).The efficacy of two autogenous vaccines versus S.T.
1,4,[5],12:i- was evaluated in two multisite pig production systems of the North of Italy. Forty sows were
divided in vaccinated (V) or not vaccinated and intramuscular injection of 2x109 CFU/ml of inactivated S.
Typhimurium 1,4,[5],12:i- was performed at 6 and 2 weeks before the delivery. Sixty piglets from sows of
group V (three from each sow) were divided into 2 groups: vaccinated group (VV) and not vaccinated group
(VnV). Also, the 60 piglets born from unvaccinated sows (nV) were divided in 2 groups: vaccinated group
(nVV) and not vaccinated group (nVnV). Piglets were primed and boosted at 4 and 8 weeks after birth with
the same immunization protocol of sows. Microbiological and serological exams of sows were performed
during pregnancy and suckling phase, conversely, piglets were monitored throughout the production cycle.
Data related to weight gain, fecal shedding of bacteria, organs colonization and humoral immune response
were recorded. The results indicate that the administration of inactivated vaccines in breeding and/or growing
phase is differently able to improve the growth of animals and hence the productivity of farms, and to
reduce the load of bacteria carried into the food processing. Vaccination of sows does not affect Salmonella
shedding in sows faeces, but tends to reduce the percentage of shedder piglets. Furthermore, the antibody
titers of pigs born from vaccinated sows were reduced (V/V) or remained constant (V/nV) during the observational
period, while antibody titers of pigs born from unvaccinated sows had a sharp increase close the
slaughtering. Particularly, a combined vaccination of sows and their piglets is the best protocol to improve
the weight gain of growing pigs, to limit Salmonella colonization of organs and to reduce carrier pigs
"Patologie pre-neoplastiche e neoplastiche della prostata canina: valido modello per il carcinoma prostatico ormono-resistente dell'uomo"
No full textL'INFEZIONE DA MORBILLIVIRUS NEI CETACEI: UN INTERESSANTE MODELLO DI STUDIO E DI NEUROPATOLOGIA COMPARATA
No full textLa monografia in oggetto rappresenta una sintetica rassegna delle infezioni da Morbillivirus nei Cetacei, con particolare riferimento alle c.d. "brain-only forms of Dolphin Morbillivirus (DMV) infection" nella stenella striata (Stenella coeruleoalba) ed alla potenziale utilità di queste peculiari neuropatie centrali quali modelli di studio nei confronti delle relative controparti umane e canine, rappresentate rispettivamente dalla "panencefalite subacuta sclerosante" in pazienti con infezione da virus del morbillo (Measles Virus, MeV) e dalla c.d. "encefalite del cane anziano" in animali con infezione da virus del cimurro (Canine Distemper Virus, CDV)
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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