1,720,954 research outputs found
From Saussure to Language Philosophy: Oswald Ducrot's Perspective
Full text linkبينما يمثّل اللسان في تصور سوسّور كلًّا مجردًا من المعطى المادي للّغة؛ يمثّل الكلام مختلف التمظهرات اللغوية البيولوجية والاجتماعية والنفسية، ولأن الأمر يتعلق بتأسيس موضوع خاص لعلم اللغة؛ فقد اعتُبر اجتهاد سوسّور بمثابة فتح جديد رسم الحدود الدقيقة للدراسة العلمية للغة. من هنا نشأ الاستشكال الذي طرحه ديكرو (O. Ducrot) في هذه المقدمة، وهو السؤال الجوهري الذي سعى إلى الإجابة عنه في مقدمة الترجمة الفرنسية لكتاب سيرل 1969 (Speechact): ما موقع العبارة الاصطلاحية لـ (سيرل): "فعل اللغة" (Speech Act) داخل تمييز سوسّور بين اللسان والكلام؟ إذ بينما يضع التقليد السوسّوري "الكلام" خارج المجال الاجتماعي للّسان، مسندًا إليه طابعًا فرديًا، لا شيء في الكلام يفسر انفصاله عن المواضعات الاجتماعية التي تؤطر حدوده بجملة من الإكراهات التي لا تقل أهميّةً، في قيمتها ودرجتها، عن الإكراه الاجتماعي الذي يميز ظاهرة اللسان. من تلك المواضعات؛ أن ينخرط المتكلم في صدق ما يقوله، وأن "يلتزم" بوعد يُقدّمه، وأن يمتثل المستمع لأمر يصدر عن المتكلم بشكل متبادل؛ يجعل من الفعل الكلامي نسقًا من القواعد الاستعمالية للغة؛ حيث وضع استقلال اللسان بالمفهوم السوسّوري في مأزق حقيقي. ولسوف يجد القارئ في هذا المقال جوابًا عن سؤال مفاده؛ إلى أيِّ حدٍّ تؤزم أم تتجاوزنظرية أفعال اللغة عند سيرل المنظور السوسّوري للكلام؟What is the location of Searle’s idiomatic phrase "speech act" within the Saussurean distinction between tongue and speech? This is an important question that Ducrot seeks to answer in the introduction to the French translation of Searle’s Speech Act (1969). While the language in the Saussurean conception represents a whole that is devoid of the materialistic linguistic dimension, speech represents the various biological, social, and psychological linguistic manifestations, for it is about establishing a special subject for linguistics. He regarded the Saussurean interpretation as an unprecedented contribution that drew the precise boundaries of the scientific study of language. Therefore, the origin of the problem that Ducrot raised in this introduction was that while the Saussurean tradition places "speech" outside the social sphere of the tongue, attributing to it an individual character, nothing in speech explains its separation from the social contexts that frame its borders with a number of constraints whose value and degree are no less than the social coercion that characterizes the phenomenon of the tongue. One of these arguments is that the speaker engages in the sincerity of what he says. He ‘commits’ to a promise he makes, and one of them is that the listener obeys an order issued by the speaker in a mutual manner that makes the verbal act a system of using rules for the language that puts the independence of the tongue in the Saussurean concept. In this article, the reader will find to what extent Searle’s theory of speech acts is related to the Saussurean perspective of speech
From Saussure to Language Philosophy: Oswald Ducrot's Perspective
No full textبينما يمثّل اللسان في تصور سوسّور كلًّا مجردًا من المعطى المادي للّغة؛ يمثّل الكلام مختلف التمظهرات اللغوية البيولوجية والاجتماعية والنفسية، ولأن الأمر يتعلق بتأسيس موضوع خاص لعلم اللغة؛ فقد اعتُبر اجتهاد سوسّور بمثابة فتح جديد رسم الحدود الدقيقة للدراسة العلمية للغة. من هنا نشأ الاستشكال الذي طرحه ديكرو (O. Ducrot) في هذه المقدمة، وهو السؤال الجوهري الذي سعى إلى الإجابة عنه في مقدمة الترجمة الفرنسية لكتاب سيرل 1969 (Speechact): ما موقع العبارة الاصطلاحية لـ (سيرل): "فعل اللغة" (Speech Act) داخل تمييز سوسّور بين اللسان والكلام؟ إذ بينما يضع التقليد السوسّوري "الكلام" خارج المجال الاجتماعي للّسان، مسندًا إليه طابعًا فرديًا، لا شيء في الكلام يفسر انفصاله عن المواضعات الاجتماعية التي تؤطر حدوده بجملة من الإكراهات التي لا تقل أهميّةً، في قيمتها ودرجتها، عن الإكراه الاجتماعي الذي يميز ظاهرة اللسان. من تلك المواضعات؛ أن ينخرط المتكلم في صدق ما يقوله، وأن "يلتزم" بوعد يُقدّمه، وأن يمتثل المستمع لأمر يصدر عن المتكلم بشكل متبادل؛ يجعل من الفعل الكلامي نسقًا من القواعد الاستعمالية للغة؛ حيث وضع استقلال اللسان بالمفهوم السوسّوري في مأزق حقيقي. ولسوف يجد القارئ في هذا المقال جوابًا عن سؤال مفاده؛ إلى أيِّ حدٍّ تؤزم أم تتجاوزنظرية أفعال اللغة عند سيرل المنظور السوسّوري للكلام؟What is the location of Searle’s idiomatic phrase "speech act" within the Saussurean distinction between tongue and speech? This is an important question that Ducrot seeks to answer in the introduction to the French translation of Searle’s Speech Act (1969). While the language in the Saussurean conception represents a whole that is devoid of the materialistic linguistic dimension, speech represents the various biological, social, and psychological linguistic manifestations, for it is about establishing a special subject for linguistics. He regarded the Saussurean interpretation as an unprecedented contribution that drew the precise boundaries of the scientific study of language. Therefore, the origin of the problem that Ducrot raised in this introduction was that while the Saussurean tradition places "speech" outside the social sphere of the tongue, attributing to it an individual character, nothing in speech explains its separation from the social contexts that frame its borders with a number of constraints whose value and degree are no less than the social coercion that characterizes the phenomenon of the tongue. One of these arguments is that the speaker engages in the sincerity of what he says. He ‘commits’ to a promise he makes, and one of them is that the listener obeys an order issued by the speaker in a mutual manner that makes the verbal act a system of using rules for the language that puts the independence of the tongue in the Saussurean concept. In this article, the reader will find to what extent Searle’s theory of speech acts is related to the Saussurean perspective of speech
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
- …
