462 research outputs found
Specific and Nonspecific Psychological Interventions for PTSD Symptoms: A Meta-Analysis With Problem Complexity as a Moderator
No full textCONTEXT
The necessity of specific intervention components for the successful treatment of patients with posttraumatic stress disorder is the subject of controversy.
OBJECTIVE
To investigate the complexity of clinical problems as a moderator of relative effects between specific and nonspecific psychological interventions.
METHODS
We included 18 randomized controlled trials, directly comparing specific and nonspecific psychological interventions. We conducted moderator analyses, including the complexity of clinical problems as predictor.
RESULTS
Our results have confirmed the moderate superiority of specific over nonspecific psychological interventions; however, the superiority was small in studies with complex clinical problems and large in studies with noncomplex clinical problems.
CONCLUSIONS
For patients with complex clinical problems, our results suggest that particular nonspecific psychological interventions may be offered as an alternative to specific psychological interventions. In contrast, for patients with noncomplex clinical problems, specific psychological interventions are the best treatment option
Skala zur Messung der Akzeptanz moderner Mythen über sexuelle Aggression (AMMSA)
Get PDFGerger H, Kley H, Bohner G, Siebler F. Skala zur Messung der Akzeptanz moderner Mythen über sexuelle Aggression (AMMSA). Bielefeld University; 2013.Scales of rape myth acceptance (RMA) often yield low means and skewed distributions. This is proposed to be because of a change in rape-related beliefs toward more subtle content. Incorporating insights from racism and sexism research, a 30-item self-report scale measuring the acceptance of modern myths about sexual aggression (AMMSA) is presented. Across four studies (total N=1,279), the reliability and validity of parallel German and English versions of the AMMSA scale were examined. The results show that both language versions are highly reliable; compared with a traditional RMA scale, means of AMMSA scores are higher and their distributions more closely approximate normality. Cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses provide evidence for the AMMSA scale's concurrent and predictive construct validity
Combination of Psychological Intervention and Phosphodiesterase-5 Inhibitors for Erectile Dysfunction: A Narrative Review and Meta-Analysis
No full textINTRODUCTION
Erectile dysfunction (ED) is an increasing health problem that demands effective treatment. There is evidence that phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors (PDE5-Is) and psychological intervention (PI) are effective treatment options; however, little is known about their comparative efficacy and the efficacy of combined treatments.
AIM
The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to evaluate the comparative efficacy of PI, PDE5-Is, and their combination in the treatment of ED.
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
Primary outcome was ED symptoms, and secondary outcome was sexual satisfaction of the patient.
METHODS
A systematic literature search was conducted in order to identify relevant articles published between 1998 and 2012. We included randomized controlled trials and controlled trials comparing PI with PDE5-I treatment or one of them against a combination of both.
RESULTS
Eight studies with a total number of 562 patients were included in the meta-analysis. The results of the included studies are inconclusive, though they show a trend towards a larger effect of combined treatment compared with PI or PDE5-I treatment alone. The meta-analysis found that, overall, combined treatment was more efficacious for ED symptoms than PDE5-I treatment or PI alone. Combined treatment was more efficacious than PDE5-I use alone on sexual satisfaction. No differences were found between PDE5-Is and PI as stand-alone treatments. None of the moderators (treatment duration, methodological quality, or researcher allegiance) altered the effects.
CONCLUSIONS
The combination of PI and PDE5-Is is a promising strategy for a favorable outcome in ED and can be considered as a first-choice option for ED patients. Stronger RCTs are required to confirm this initial finding. Schmidt HM, Munder T, Gerger H, Frühauf S, and Barth J. Combination of psychological intervention and phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors for erectile dysfunction: A narrative review and meta-analysis. J Sex Med **;**:**-**
The acceptance of modern myths about sexual aggression scale: Development and validation in German and English
No full textGerger H, Kley H, Bohner G, Siebler F. The acceptance of modern myths about sexual aggression scale: Development and validation in German and English. Aggressive Behavior. 2007;33(5):422-440.Scales of rape myth acceptance (RMA) often yield low means and skewed distributions. This is proposed to be because of a change in rape-related beliefs toward more subtle content. Incorporating insights from racism and sexism research, a 30-item self-report scale measuring the acceptance of modern myths about sexual aggression (AMMSA) is presented. Across four studies (total N = 1,279), the reliability and validity of parallel German and English versions of the AMMSA scale were examined. The results show that both language versions are highly reliable; compared with a traditional RMA scale, means of AMMSA scores are higher and their distributions more closely approximate normality. Cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses provide evidence for the AMMSA scale's concurrent and predictive construct validity
Testing the allegiance bias hypothesis: a meta-analysis
No full textThis meta-analysis investigated whether the association between researcher allegiance (RA) and the relative effect of two psychotherapies can be explained through the methodological weaknesses of the treatment comparisons. Seventy-nine comparisons of psychotherapies for depression or posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) were included. Methodological quality (MQ) was investigated as both a moderator and a mediator of the RA-outcome association. MQ included balanced nonspecific factors, balanced specific factors, conceptual quality, patients-per-therapist ratio, randomization to conditions and outcome assessment. The RA-outcome association was stronger when the MQ was low, suggesting a buffering effect of MQ. In addition, differences in the conceptual quality of treatments mediated the effect of RA on outcome. The results support the view that RA acts as a bias in treatment comparisons
Acceptance of Modern Myths About Sexual Aggression (AMMSA) scale
Get PDFGerger H, Kley H, Bohner G, Siebler F. Acceptance of Modern Myths About Sexual Aggression (AMMSA) scale. Bielefeld University; 2013.Scales of rape myth acceptance (RMA) often yield low means and skewed distributions. This is proposed to be because of a change in rape-related beliefs toward more subtle content. Incorporating insights from racism and sexism research, a 30-item self-report scale measuring the acceptance of modern myths about sexual aggression (AMMSA) is presented. Across four studies (total N=1,279), the reliability and validity of parallel German and English versions of the AMMSA scale were examined. The results show that both language versions are highly reliable; compared with a traditional RMA scale, means of AMMSA scores are higher and their distributions more closely approximate normality. Cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses provide evidence for the AMMSA scale's concurrent and predictive construct validity
Interaction between characters in Heike monogatari dialogues: language forms and functions
No full textThis thesis examines language aspects of interaction in dialogue passages of Heike monogatari (The Tale of the Heike, 1371) focusing on the role of language forms in characterization. The main goal of the present study is to assess the role of language variation and analyze how it participates in construction of asymmetries in social status and power between characters. Selected dialogue data is divided into two groups according to the participants and the dominant context: political interaction at court and interaction involving religious matters. Analysis of language forms in each dialogue draws on research by Japanese scholars and covers a wide range of linguistic phenomena such as sound changes, lexical choices, and markers of politeness. Linguistic findings are intended to supplement recent studies of the literary, socio-political, and religious contexts for early medieval narratives. By selecting a specific language style for each interacting character, the author(s) constructed particular images that have shaped audience’s perceptions of the characters. This study brings attention to language variation and clarifies how the socio-political status of characters, their interpersonal relations, and attitudes toward each other are encoded in the language of Heike monogatari dialogues. As such, this study is perhaps the first attempt in English to adopt a sociolinguistic approach to a Japanese pre-modern text, focusing on language properties and shifts in style in Heike monogatari.Arts, Faculty ofAsian Studies, Department ofGraduat
Principle and method in the description in Japanese medieval proses, as presented in the Heike Monogatari
Get PDFpdfIt is not man as a person who is of prime interest to the author of medieval prose; rather it is the world view, the spiritual world, and the system of complicated feudal relationships, in which man finds himself, that he describes. The method of medieval literature can be defined as a kind of conscious idealization. In other words, the author sheds light on the complicated feudal hierarchy, and describes how man should be and act. D.S. Likhachev, scholar of medieval Russian literature and member of the Academy of Sciences, has given the name "literary etiquette" to this method. According to this "literary etiquette" the lord acts in accordance with his "lordly "nature, the priest in accordance with his "priestly "nature, and the vassal and retainer behave according to the standard of vassal and retainer. All of them are valued in accordance with their rank and degree. In the same manner, women are valued in accordance with the medieval ideals of mothers, wives, and lovers.
Most of the great herōes of the Heike Monogatari fit in with this view. For example, Kiyomori's eldest son Shigemori is equipped with all the noble virtues of this feudal, Confucian world view--manliness, sincerity, faithfulness, filial affection, religioas devotion, respect, etc. The general vassal and warrior is often described from only one of these aspects: he can be courageous or he can sacrifice his life for his lord and represent the personification of loyalty and faithfulness. It seems that the medieval author did not take any interest at all in other aspects of their characters. The same can be said about the women. Thier highest virtues are motherly love and wifely chastity.
The character of the human being in the medieval prose is static, the movements of his inner world are lacking, and mental troubles are not mentioned. Even if there is some change in the hero's mental attitude, this is always something sudden, influenced by incidental outer circumstances. It is not the result of a gradual inner development.
However, the Heike Monogatari is clearly different from the medieval prose of other countries. It describes the spiritual world of man in a more realistic way, it communicates the contradictory nature of his spiritual world, and it attempts to show him as the psychologically very complicated creature that he is. This is explained, in the main, by the following 2 reasons. First, the Heike Monogatari was written in the 13th century when the unique Heian literature with its insuperable psychological analyses of man's spiritual world already existed. Second, the Heike Monogatari was written while the memories of the events were still fresh. All its herōes had been authentic living people, thus no fictitious characters created by the author. They were remembered at the time, as were their deeds. For this reason the character and the behaviour of the actors of the drama at times contradict the feudal morality, that is, the so-called "literary etiquette".
Other qualities of the Heike Monogatari, for which it deserves highest praise, are its humanism and the supreme value that it affords man. These appear especially in the objects of art, pōetry, music, dance, and other human accomplishments that are lauded in the work. Without distinction of higt and low, everyone has equally his own value. This is brought forth by the herose, for example, Tomoakira in the Tomoakira saigo chapter and other places.
By showing sympathy and commiseration for all people who suffer and go to ruin and death, even though they are without sin and without guilt, and by harshly condemning cruelty, unjustice, and craftiness, the Heike Monogatari is truly a democratic and humanistic work; thus, it belongs not only to the Japanese literature but constitutes an enrichment of the world literature.conference pape
On Act-directive-Expressions observed in Kakuichi-bon Text of "Heike Monogatari"
Get PDFThis article is a part of the larger research on the diachronic transformation of internal structure of act-directive expressions in Japanese language. In this discussion, the author focused on Kakuichi-bon Text of Heike-Monogatari and pursued the following research questions. 1) As act-directive-expressions in Heike Monogatari, what kind of forms are observed? 2) Which functions of act-directive expressions does each form correspond with? 3) To comprehend the internal structure of act-directive expressions appeared in Heike-Monogatari. 4) Based on the above comprehension, to obtain the diachronic perspective of the transformation of the internal structure of act-directive expressions From the analysis of the text, it is found out that act-directive expressions did not have forms of expression until the Heian Period that clearly specified who was the recipient of benefits, the speaker or the hearer. Rather, the forms of expressions specified which of the speaker or the hearer had the decision of implementation of an act. It is also revealed that a noteworthy form of request, "te+tabe/tabasetamae" was being used during the Kamakura period. In relation to the absence of subsidiary verbs to express receiving benefits in the Heian period, beginning of the use of request form may have a close relationship with the development of expressions of benefit-receiving.国立情報学研究所『研究紀要公開支援事業』により電子化。departmental bulletin pape
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