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Mass Violence against Civilians during the Balkan Wars
Full text linkOn 17 October 1912, Serbia, Montenegro, Greece and Bulgaria declared war on the Ottoman Empire. Out-powered, demoralized, unprepared and poorly equipped, the Ottoman army fought fourteen battles and lost them all, except for one. After the cessation of hostilities, the Empire was heavily truncated for good. The lands wrested from the Ottomans became the object of bitter contestation between Serbia, Greece and Bulgaria. Each of these nations formulated their own nationalist claims on the newly ‘available’ territory. Although there were clear distinctions between combatants and non-combatants, as the skirmishes unfolded into total warfare none of the armies respected this distinction and defenceless civilians were assaulted too: Muslims under Bulgarian and Greek rule, and Christians under Ottoman rule. Victims and contemporary journalists accused the Balkan armies in particular of systematic maltreatment of civilian populations, but atrocities were committed by all sides in the conflict. Bulgarian, Serbian, Greek and Ottoman forces committed mutual acts of violence including large-scale destruction and arson of villages, beatings and torture, forced conversions and indiscriminate mass killing of enemy non-combatants. This chapter will discuss these atrocities and their consequences, in order to address the overarching question: how did civilians experience the mass violence committed against them during the Balkan Wars? This chapter aims to answer this question by discussing the impact of the Balkan Wars on Ottoman Muslims. It will examine the persecution and expulsion of Ottoman Muslims in the Balkans by Serbian, Greek and Bulgarian forces, and sketch their ordeal as they were expelled to the rump Ottoman state. The chapter will examine how their experiences as refugees influenced them and Ottoman political culture. In November 1912, the Bulgarian advance pushed the Ottoman army back to the trenches of Çatalca, 30 kilometres west of Istanbul. There, the onslaught was stopped and the imperial capital remained uncaptured. Warfare continued as two other important Ottoman cities were captured: the old imperial capital of Edirne [Adrianople] was besieged and taken by the Bulgarian army, and on 9 November 1912 the Ottoman garrison surrendered the cradle of the Young Turks, Salonica, to the Greek army
Forschung und Lehre im Westen Deutschlands 1918-2018
No full textIn hohem Maße spiegelt sich in der Geschichte der Universität Bonn die deutsche Geschichte im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert wider: Von der Gründung 1818 nach dem Übergang des Rheinlands an Preußen über die Mitwirkung von Bonner Professoren in der Revolution 1848/49, der »Prinzenuniversität« im Kaiserreich, den schwierigen Bedingungen der Besatzungszeit nach 1918, der Ideologisierung und Repression während des Nationalsozialismus bis hin zur Hauptstadt-Universität der »Bonner Republik« und neuen Formen des Protests in Verbindung mit »68« und den Demonstrationen gegen die Nachrüstung im Hofgarten.The history of the University of Bonn reflects the German history of the 19th and 20th century to a great extent: from the foundation in 1818 after the Rhineland became part of Prussia, to the involvement of its professors in the revolution of 1848/49, the “Princes’ University“ in the German empire, the difficult conditions during the occupation after 1918, the ideologisation and repression during National Socialism, up to the capital university of the “the Bonn Republic” and new forms of protest with the 1968 movement and the demonstrations against the NATO Double-Track Decision in the university’s park “Hofgarten”
Preußens Rhein-Universität 1818–1918
No full textIn hohem Maße spiegelt sich in der Geschichte der Universität Bonn die deutsche Geschichte im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert wider: Von der Gründung 1818 nach dem Übergang des Rheinlands an Preußen über die Mitwirkung von Bonner Professoren in der Revolution 1848/49, der »Prinzenuniversität« im Kaiserreich, den schwierigen Bedingungen der Besatzungszeit nach 1918, der Ideologisierung und Repression während des Nationalsozialismus bis hin zur Hauptstadt-Universität der »Bonner Republik« und neuen Formen des Protests in Verbindung mit »68« und den Demonstrationen gegen die Nachrüstung im Hofgarten.The history of the University of Bonn reflects the German history of the 19th and 20th century to a great extent: from the foundation in 1818 after the Rhineland became part of Prussia, to the involvement of its professors in the revolution of 1848/49, the “Princes’ University“ in the German empire, the difficult conditions during the occupation after 1918, the ideologisation and repression during National Socialism, up to the capital university of the “the Bonn Republic” and new forms of protest with the 1968 movement and the demonstrations against the NATO Double-Track Decision in the university’s park “Hofgarten”
'Playing Beethoven like an Indian': American music and reorientation in Germany, 1945-1955
No full textGoing Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
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